Shahid Beheshti University Journal of Sport and Exercise Physiology 2676-3710 2 2 2009 11 22 Investigating the physiological characteristics and the results of world volleyball games in three different age groups Investigating the physiological characteristics and the results of world volleyball games in three different age groups 98544 10.48308/joeppa.2009.98544 FA Journal Article 2015 05 17 Investigating the physiological characteristics and the results of world volleyball games in three different age groups Abstract Purpose: This research compares men’s volleyball teams participating in 3 different levels of World Championship from the viewpoints of physiological characteristics, jumping height, and game. Methods: The data (age, height, weight, BMI and high jump) have been collected from all participating volleyball teams in the World championships from 2001 to 2006 (128 National teams including 1536 national players). The exact points and duration of each set and each game (453 games including 1674 sets) were taken from the website of International Volleyball Federation. For data analysis, descriptive statistics (average and standard deviation) as well as independent t-test were used. All statistical procedures were performed in SPSS. Results: The results demonstrated that the play duration of senior competitions is clearly more than that for juniors and youths. The teams with a higher age average were more successful because of having more experienced players. Conclusions: The physical characteristics of the players in international levels cannot determine the teams’ success or failure. Attention must be paid to the tolerance of play duration in all three age groups (from 45 to 148 minutes) and the solutions for controlling this time must be presented. Investigating the physiological characteristics and the results of world volleyball games in three different age groups Abstract Purpose: This research compares men’s volleyball teams participating in 3 different levels of World Championship from the viewpoints of physiological characteristics, jumping height, and game. Methods: The data (age, height, weight, BMI and high jump) have been collected from all participating volleyball teams in the World championships from 2001 to 2006 (128 National teams including 1536 national players). The exact points and duration of each set and each game (453 games including 1674 sets) were taken from the website of International Volleyball Federation. For data analysis, descriptive statistics (average and standard deviation) as well as independent t-test were used. All statistical procedures were performed in SPSS. Results: The results demonstrated that the play duration of senior competitions is clearly more than that for juniors and youths. The teams with a higher age average were more successful because of having more experienced players. Conclusions: The physical characteristics of the players in international levels cannot determine the teams’ success or failure. Attention must be paid to the tolerance of play duration in all three age groups (from 45 to 148 minutes) and the solutions for controlling this time must be presented.

https://joeppa.sbu.ac.ir/article_98544_b8b4e76f95244351dc227f0c7cd26ed6.pdf

Shahid Beheshti University Journal of Sport and Exercise Physiology 2676-3710 2 2 2009 11 22 Evaluation of national athletes’ attitude to vitamin/mineral supplements Evaluation of national athletes’ attitude to vitamin/mineral supplements 98546 10.48308/joeppa.2009.98546 FA Journal Article 2015 05 17 Purpose: The aim of this study was to investigate the nutrition-related knowledge, attitude and vitamin/mineral supplements intake of elite national athletes. Methods: Sixty eight Iranian National Athletes from volleyball (n=9), karate (n=12), weightlifting (n=7), wresting (n=7), taekwondo (n=10), basketball (n=10), boxing (n=8), and Judo (n=5) were included in this study. The self-administered questionnaire examined the athlete’s nutrition knowledge, attitude and supplement frequency intake. The athlete’s height, weight, and sport experience were recorded. Results: High mean dietary intake scores were found for vitamin E, calcium, multivitamin and low mean dietary intake scores were found for folate and pantothenic acid. A moderate correlation was found between attitude and supplements intake (r=0.545, P<0.01). There were significant differences in the amount of vitamin and mineral supplements intake between weight lifting elite national athletes team compared to others (P<0.05). Moreover, the result showed significant differences between elite national athletes of boxing team compared to volleyball, taekwondo, and basketball teams (P<0.05). Conclusions: It can be concluded that athletes in national teams should extend their knowledge regarding to the amount of vitamin and mineral supplements intake. Future research also, should explore factors other than knowledge and attitude which may have influence on dietary intake among national athletes. Purpose: The aim of this study was to investigate the nutrition-related knowledge, attitude and vitamin/mineral supplements intake of elite national athletes. Methods: Sixty eight Iranian National Athletes from volleyball (n=9), karate (n=12), weightlifting (n=7), wresting (n=7), taekwondo (n=10), basketball (n=10), boxing (n=8), and Judo (n=5) were included in this study. The self-administered questionnaire examined the athlete’s nutrition knowledge, attitude and supplement frequency intake. The athlete’s height, weight, and sport experience were recorded. Results: High mean dietary intake scores were found for vitamin E, calcium, multivitamin and low mean dietary intake scores were found for folate and pantothenic acid. A moderate correlation was found between attitude and supplements intake (r=0.545, P<0.01). There were significant differences in the amount of vitamin and mineral supplements intake between weight lifting elite national athletes team compared to others (P<0.05). Moreover, the result showed significant differences between elite national athletes of boxing team compared to volleyball, taekwondo, and basketball teams (P<0.05). Conclusions: It can be concluded that athletes in national teams should extend their knowledge regarding to the amount of vitamin and mineral supplements intake. Future research also, should explore factors other than knowledge and attitude which may have influence on dietary intake among national athletes.

https://joeppa.sbu.ac.ir/article_98546_fa50869f5ffdc06ea233a7177c6b4af0.pdf

Shahid Beheshti University Journal of Sport and Exercise Physiology 2676-3710 2 2 2009 11 22 Effects of selected aerobic training on time of fatigue incidence and some physiological factors in patients with multiple sclerosis Effects of selected aerobic training on time of fatigue incidence and some physiological factors in patients with multiple sclerosis 98548 10.48308/joeppa.2009.98548 FA Journal Article 2015 05 17 Effects of selected aerobic training on time of fatigue incidence and some physiological factors in patients with multiple sclerosis Abstract Purpose: The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of interval aerobic training on time of fatigue incidence, and some physiological factors in patients with multiple sclerosis. Methods: Twenty five female patients with relapsing-remitting multiple sclerosis of Mashhad city with average age 25 years, illness time (4±1) and moderate disability (EDSS: 1.5-6) were selected purposefully and divided randomly into two groups of Experimental (exp: n=15) and control (cont: n=10). In order to evaluate fatigue incidence time, heart rate and blood pressure cycle ergometer, electrocardiogram and stethoscope were used, respectively. After pre-test measurements no significant different were observed between two groups for all measured variables. Beside medicinal treatment, subjects in experimental group performed an interval aerobic training on cycle ergometer at an intensity corresponding to 60% of HRmax for 6 weeks, 3 sessions per week. Effects of selected aerobic training on time of fatigue incidence and some physiological factors in patients with multiple sclerosis Abstract Purpose: The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of interval aerobic training on time of fatigue incidence, and some physiological factors in patients with multiple sclerosis. Methods: Twenty five female patients with relapsing-remitting multiple sclerosis of Mashhad city with average age 25 years, illness time (4±1) and moderate disability (EDSS: 1.5-6) were selected purposefully and divided randomly into two groups of Experimental (exp: n=15) and control (cont: n=10). In order to evaluate fatigue incidence time, heart rate and blood pressure cycle ergometer, electrocardiogram and stethoscope were used, respectively. After pre-test measurements no significant different were observed between two groups for all measured variables. Beside medicinal treatment, subjects in experimental group performed an interval aerobic training on cycle ergometer at an intensity corresponding to 60% of HRmax for 6 weeks, 3 sessions per week. https://joeppa.sbu.ac.ir/article_98548_c1b208ffd661c5aa238813685a2edc38.pdf

Shahid Beheshti University Journal of Sport and Exercise Physiology 2676-3710 2 2 2009 11 22 Acute ventilatory responses to intensive aerobic exercise in healthy young boys aged 13-16 years: Relationship to anthropometric factors Acute ventilatory responses to intensive aerobic exercise in healthy young boys aged 13-16 years: Relationship to anthropometric factors 98550 10.48308/joeppa.2009.98550 FA Journal Article 2015 05 17 Purpose: The purpose of present study was to determine the relationship between acute ventilatory responses to intensive aerobic exercise with body size and also to estimate acute ventilatory responses including forced expiratory volume in one second, forced vital capacity, vital capacity, maximal voluntary ventilation and tidal volume in 8 to 18 years old individuals after intensive aerobic exercise. Methods: For this reason 80 students (height, 141-192 cm; weight, 32-95 kg; BMI, 14.6-30) were selected. At the beginning, their anthropometric characteristics were measured. In subsequent phase, acute ventilatory responses of subjects were measured by spirometer immediately after intensive aerobic exercise (1600 m run). Regression analysis (Stepwise model) using height, age and body mass index as independent variables was applied to provide predicted values for acute ventilatory responses. Results: Results showed that the variables of pulmonary function tests (PFT) are dependent on height, weight and BMI. There were largest correlations for each pulmonary function variable with height. The largest positive correlations were found for VC with height (r= 0.53). Conclusions: The results indicated that anthropometric parameters including height, body weight and BMI can be proper predictors for respiratory function during intensive aerobic exercise. Purpose: The purpose of present study was to determine the relationship between acute ventilatory responses to intensive aerobic exercise with body size and also to estimate acute ventilatory responses including forced expiratory volume in one second, forced vital capacity, vital capacity, maximal voluntary ventilation and tidal volume in 8 to 18 years old individuals after intensive aerobic exercise. Methods: For this reason 80 students (height, 141-192 cm; weight, 32-95 kg; BMI, 14.6-30) were selected. At the beginning, their anthropometric characteristics were measured. In subsequent phase, acute ventilatory responses of subjects were measured by spirometer immediately after intensive aerobic exercise (1600 m run). Regression analysis (Stepwise model) using height, age and body mass index as independent variables was applied to provide predicted values for acute ventilatory responses. Results: Results showed that the variables of pulmonary function tests (PFT) are dependent on height, weight and BMI. There were largest correlations for each pulmonary function variable with height. The largest positive correlations were found for VC with height (r= 0.53). Conclusions: The results indicated that anthropometric parameters including height, body weight and BMI can be proper predictors for respiratory function during intensive aerobic exercise.

https://joeppa.sbu.ac.ir/article_98550_6ebfc58a6a2b3a478f4aa20a75987e4e.pdf

Shahid Beheshti University Journal of Sport and Exercise Physiology 2676-3710 2 2 2009 11 22 Effect of an exhaustive exercise and short-term glutamine supplementation on serum hs-CRP, in non-athlete males Effect of an exhaustive exercise and short-term glutamine supplementation on serum hs-CRP, in non-athlete males 98552 10.48308/joeppa.2009.98552 FA Journal Article 2015 05 17 Effect of an exhaustive exercise and short-term glutamine supplementation on serum hs-CRP, in non-athlete males Abstract Purpose: The reduced blood glutamine levels induced by stressful situations such as injuries, starvation and exercise training, result in immune system weakness. Therefore, this study was conducted to identify the effect of an exhaustive exercise and short-term glutamine supplementation on serum hs-CRP in nonathlete men. Methods: Twenty healthy male subjects (age, 21.0±1.68 years; BMI, 22.32±7.53 Kg/m2) in a semi-experimental, double-blind, placebo-controlled design were randomly divided into two homogenized groups (Glutamine: n=10 and control: n=10). After taking the first blood sample subjects received either glutamine supplement (5 g in 300 ml of water) or placebo (5% sucrose and 0.15% lemon flavor to enhance the taste) one hour before exhaustive exercise (shuttle run test). The second blood sample was taken one hour after the test. Serum hs-CRP concentrations were determined quantitatively by an ELISA kit. Results: Data (mean±SD) were statistically analyzed by using the depended and independed t-test at significant level of P<0.05. The results indicated that hs-CRP content was significantly increased (P<0.001) in control group (164%) while, elevation in hs-CRP (55%) for glutamine group was not significant (P>0.05). Moreover, there were significant differences between groups for Hs-CRP mean and range of changes after the exercise protocol (P<0.001). Conclusions: In conclusion, acute short-term glutamine supplementation could have beneficial effect on serum hs-CRP or inflammation. However, for making a firm conclusion in this regard further studies are needed. Effect of an exhaustive exercise and short-term glutamine supplementation on serum hs-CRP, in non-athlete males Abstract Purpose: The reduced blood glutamine levels induced by stressful situations such as injuries, starvation and exercise training, result in immune system weakness. Therefore, this study was conducted to identify the effect of an exhaustive exercise and short-term glutamine supplementation on serum hs-CRP in nonathlete men. Methods: Twenty healthy male subjects (age, 21.0±1.68 years; BMI, 22.32±7.53 Kg/m2) in a semi-experimental, double-blind, placebo-controlled design were randomly divided into two homogenized groups (Glutamine: n=10 and control: n=10). After taking the first blood sample subjects received either glutamine supplement (5 g in 300 ml of water) or placebo (5% sucrose and 0.15% lemon flavor to enhance the taste) one hour before exhaustive exercise (shuttle run test). The second blood sample was taken one hour after the test. Serum hs-CRP concentrations were determined quantitatively by an ELISA kit. Results: Data (mean±SD) were statistically analyzed by using the depended and independed t-test at significant level of P<0.05. The results indicated that hs-CRP content was significantly increased (P<0.001) in control group (164%) while, elevation in hs-CRP (55%) for glutamine group was not significant (P>0.05). Moreover, there were significant differences between groups for Hs-CRP mean and range of changes after the exercise protocol (P<0.001). Conclusions: In conclusion, acute short-term glutamine supplementation could have beneficial effect on serum hs-CRP or inflammation. However, for making a firm conclusion in this regard further studies are needed.

https://joeppa.sbu.ac.ir/article_98552_59dfd4106ab71d11b48a4246ba153331.pdf

Shahid Beheshti University Journal of Sport and Exercise Physiology 2676-3710 2 2 2009 11 22 Validation of two methods of skin fold and bioelectrical impedance with hydrostatic method for determining the body fat percent in active men Validation of two methods of skin fold and bioelectrical impedance with hydrostatic method for determining the body fat percent in active men 98554 10.48308/joeppa.2009.98554 FA Journal Article 2015 05 17 Validation of two methods of skin fold and bioelectrical impedance with hydrostatic method for determining the body fat percent in active men Abstract Purpose: This study was conducted to determine the validity and reliability of skin fold and bioelectrical impedance methods in detecting body fat percent in comparison to the hydrostatic method. Methods: For this reason, 40 students of Shahid Chamran University of Ahvaz (age, 22.2±2.73 years; height, 176.27±6.08 cm; and weight, 69.92±7.41 kg) were randomly chosen. Body density (BD) was determined by using hydrostatic, skin fold (seven site equation of Jackson & Pollock) and bioelectrical impedance (BIA) methods. Thereafter, body fat percent (BF%) was calculated for all methods using the Siri’s equation. Statistical analyses were performed using Pearson’s correlation coefficient and paired t-test at P<0.05. Results: Data analysis showed a significant difference between skin fold method and hydrostatic method (R=0.959, P<0.001). The validity of BIA machine in comparison with criterion method was confirmed (R=0.946, P<0.05). Conclusions: Based on the findings of this investigation, it could be concluded that the BIA method is suitable method for determining body fat percent in active men and it could be a good replacement for the expensive hydrostatic method. Validation of two methods of skin fold and bioelectrical impedance with hydrostatic method for determining the body fat percent in active men Abstract Purpose: This study was conducted to determine the validity and reliability of skin fold and bioelectrical impedance methods in detecting body fat percent in comparison to the hydrostatic method. Methods: For this reason, 40 students of Shahid Chamran University of Ahvaz (age, 22.2±2.73 years; height, 176.27±6.08 cm; and weight, 69.92±7.41 kg) were randomly chosen. Body density (BD) was determined by using hydrostatic, skin fold (seven site equation of Jackson & Pollock) and bioelectrical impedance (BIA) methods. Thereafter, body fat percent (BF%) was calculated for all methods using the Siri’s equation. Statistical analyses were performed using Pearson’s correlation coefficient and paired t-test at P<0.05. Results: Data analysis showed a significant difference between skin fold method and hydrostatic method (R=0.959, P<0.001). The validity of BIA machine in comparison with criterion method was confirmed (R=0.946, P<0.05). Conclusions: Based on the findings of this investigation, it could be concluded that the BIA method is suitable method for determining body fat percent in active men and it could be a good replacement for the expensive hydrostatic method.

https://joeppa.sbu.ac.ir/article_98554_882efc2c4b0116f20ce17fa84f792161.pdf

Shahid Beheshti University Journal of Sport and Exercise Physiology 2676-3710 2 2 2009 11 22 The effect of endurance training on serum hs-Creative protein as an inflammatory predictor of cardiovascular disease in untrained men The effect of endurance training on serum hs-Creative protein as an inflammatory predictor of cardiovascular disease in untrained men 98556 10.48308/joeppa.2009.98556 FA Journal Article 2015 05 17 The effect of endurance training on serum hs-Creative protein as an inflammatory predictor of cardiovascular disease in untrained men Abstract Purpose: The purpose of this study was to determine the effect of endurance training on hscreative protein (hs-CRP) as a predictor of cardiovascular disease. Methods: For this purpose, 30 healthy male students from Science and Research Azad University of Tehran branch were selected and divided randomly into two equal groups (endurance training and control). Endurance group trained for 12 weeks, 3 times a week at particular intensity and duration. Two blood samples were taken before and after training hs-CRP after training. Hs-CRP was measured using ELISA kits and immunoturbidometric assay. Results: Data were analyzed using paired and independent t-test at P<0.05. The result showed that hs-CRP levels decreased significantly (P=0.001) after 12 weeks training. Conclusions: Generally, it could be concluded that regular endurance training could be helpful in reducing the risk of cardiovascular disease through lowering the serum hs-CRP levels. The effect of endurance training on serum hs-Creative protein as an inflammatory predictor of cardiovascular disease in untrained men Abstract Purpose: The purpose of this study was to determine the effect of endurance training on hscreative protein (hs-CRP) as a predictor of cardiovascular disease. Methods: For this purpose, 30 healthy male students from Science and Research Azad University of Tehran branch were selected and divided randomly into two equal groups (endurance training and control). Endurance group trained for 12 weeks, 3 times a week at particular intensity and duration. Two blood samples were taken before and after training hs-CRP after training. Hs-CRP was measured using ELISA kits and immunoturbidometric assay. Results: Data were analyzed using paired and independent t-test at P<0.05. The result showed that hs-CRP levels decreased significantly (P=0.001) after 12 weeks training. Conclusions: Generally, it could be concluded that regular endurance training could be helpful in reducing the risk of cardiovascular disease through lowering the serum hs-CRP levels.

https://joeppa.sbu.ac.ir/article_98556_b4ec4d3967e62d2f50e33184a0c0c7d8.pdf

Shahid Beheshti University Journal of Sport and Exercise Physiology 2676-3710 2 2 2009 11 22 The influence of a tapering period and tapering period along with creatine supplementation on physical performance and body composition of soccer players The influence of a tapering period and tapering period along with creatine supplementation on physical performance and body composition of soccer players 98558 10.48308/joeppa.2009.98558 FA Journal Article 2015 05 17 The influence of a tapering period and tapering period along with creatine supplementation on physical performance and body composition of soccer players Abstract Purpose: The purpose of this study was to examine the effect of a tapering period and a tapering period along with creatine supplementation on physical performance and body composition of soccer players. Methods: Eighteen soccer players of the first division league (age, 18.77±1.26 years; height, 174.5±5.77 cm; weight, 64.07±6.99 kg) who were in the specific preparation period were selected. At the end of specific preparation period and before a 10 day tapering period, physical performance tests including vertical jump, lower leg strength, 60 meter dash, agility and body composition analysis were performed. Then, participants were divided into two groups: Taper alone (n=9) and taper with creatine supplementation (n=9). After 10 day taper all tests similar to pre-tests were repeated. Dependent student t-test was used to compare the mean differences for pre- and post-test data. Furthermore, independent student t-test was used to compare the data for two groups. Results: Results showed that taper resulted in a significant increase in speed (P=0.030), strength (P=0.003) and agility (P=0.007) but there were no significant changes in explosive power, agility, fat mass and lean body mass. Furthermore, when the data for two groups were compared there was no significant difference between two groups for all measured variables. Conclusions: In conclusion, it appears that a tapering period have beneficial effects on physical performance of soccer players, though, consumption of creatine supplementation cannot induce any significant improvements. The influence of a tapering period and tapering period along with creatine supplementation on physical performance and body composition of soccer players Abstract Purpose: The purpose of this study was to examine the effect of a tapering period and a tapering period along with creatine supplementation on physical performance and body composition of soccer players. Methods: Eighteen soccer players of the first division league (age, 18.77±1.26 years; height, 174.5±5.77 cm; weight, 64.07±6.99 kg) who were in the specific preparation period were selected. At the end of specific preparation period and before a 10 day tapering period, physical performance tests including vertical jump, lower leg strength, 60 meter dash, agility and body composition analysis were performed. Then, participants were divided into two groups: Taper alone (n=9) and taper with creatine supplementation (n=9). After 10 day taper all tests similar to pre-tests were repeated. Dependent student t-test was used to compare the mean differences for pre- and post-test data. Furthermore, independent student t-test was used to compare the data for two groups. Results: Results showed that taper resulted in a significant increase in speed (P=0.030), strength (P=0.003) and agility (P=0.007) but there were no significant changes in explosive power, agility, fat mass and lean body mass. Furthermore, when the data for two groups were compared there was no significant difference between two groups for all measured variables. Conclusions: In conclusion, it appears that a tapering period have beneficial effects on physical performance of soccer players, though, consumption of creatine supplementation cannot induce any significant improvements.

https://joeppa.sbu.ac.ir/article_98558_b1d5e3ef5ef9ee9929d3ecb63785296d.pdf

Shahid Beheshti University Journal of Sport and Exercise Physiology 2676-3710 2 2 2009 11 22 Effect of plyometric training and subsequent detraining on changes in force-velocity relationship Effect of plyometric training and subsequent detraining on changes in force-velocity relationship 98560 10.48308/joeppa.2009.98560 FA Journal Article 2015 05 17 Effect of plyometric training and subsequent detraining on changes in force-velocity relationship Abstract Purpose: The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of plyometric training and subsequent detraining on changes in force-velocity relationship. Methods: Forty active students (mean±SD, age, 24±2.3 years; weight, 75±5.6 kg; height, 176±8.3 cm) participated in this study. Subjects were divided into control and experimental groups. The Biodex and EMG were used to measure muscle contraction velocity and to assess muscle electrical activity. Subjects in control group were asked to continue their daily activities; while, subjects in experimental group participated in a 6-week plyometric training program. Data were collected at pre-training, post-training and post-detraining. The independent t-test, repeated measures of ANOVA and Tukey's post-hoc tests were used for data analysis. Results: In the experimental group, a significant increase in EMG activity was observed in response to training for all movements (P>0.05); while the EMG activity was significantly decreased in slow and moderate movements during detraining (P<0.05). No significant differences were observed in EMG activities of control group for all movements and periods (P>0.05). Conclusions: It seems that reductions in EMG activities of muscles were due to insufficient intensity of movements, because applying maximal velocity movements resulted in the maintenance of training-induced physiological adaptations. Effect of plyometric training and subsequent detraining on changes in force-velocity relationship Abstract Purpose: The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of plyometric training and subsequent detraining on changes in force-velocity relationship. Methods: Forty active students (mean±SD, age, 24±2.3 years; weight, 75±5.6 kg; height, 176±8.3 cm) participated in this study. Subjects were divided into control and experimental groups. The Biodex and EMG were used to measure muscle contraction velocity and to assess muscle electrical activity. Subjects in control group were asked to continue their daily activities; while, subjects in experimental group participated in a 6-week plyometric training program. Data were collected at pre-training, post-training and post-detraining. The independent t-test, repeated measures of ANOVA and Tukey's post-hoc tests were used for data analysis. Results: In the experimental group, a significant increase in EMG activity was observed in response to training for all movements (P>0.05); while the EMG activity was significantly decreased in slow and moderate movements during detraining (P<0.05). No significant differences were observed in EMG activities of control group for all movements and periods (P>0.05). Conclusions: It seems that reductions in EMG activities of muscles were due to insufficient intensity of movements, because applying maximal velocity movements resulted in the maintenance of training-induced physiological adaptations.

https://joeppa.sbu.ac.ir/article_98560_b4b3fc9cd6c9c840aad20c35b15205ba.pdf