Shahid Beheshti UniversityJournal of Sport and Exercise Physiology2676-37105220120922Neuroprotective Effect of Voluntary Wheel Running Exercise on GDNF levels of Cerebellum in Parkinsonian RatsNeuroprotective Effect of Voluntary Wheel Running Exercise on GDNF levels of Cerebellum in Parkinsonian Rats9869610.48308/joeppa.2012.98696FAJournal Article20150601<br />Introduction: Parkinson's disease is caused by disorder in control centers of body and leads to vibration at rest, bradykinesia, tremor, muscular rigidity and postural imbalance. The disease occures due to the loss of midbrain dopaminergic cells. Glial cell line-derived neurotrophic factor in the midbrain dopaminergic neurons has been identified as a nerotrophic factor of dopaminergic neurons in midbrain. The purpose of this study was to investigate the protective effects of 12 weeks of voluntary exercise on a running wheel on the GDNF levels of cerebellum against 6-hydroxydopamine lesions in Parkinsonian rats.<br />-<br />Methods: In this experimental study, twenty one rats were divided into three groups: healthy, Parkinson control and Training-Parkinson (initially had training and then received a solution of 6 hydroxy-dopamine). Parkinson and control groups have been kept in special cages until the end of the study. Training- Parkinson group was housed in individual cages geared with running wheels. After 12 weeks, 250) Micrograms of 6-hydroxydopamine (6-OHDA) were administered to the right ventricle (ICV) in Parkinson controls and training - Parkinson. Finally, five days after intraventricular injection, GDNF levels in the cerebellum were measured by ELISA method. Data was analyzed using one-way Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) and Tukey post-hoc tests. Significance level was considered to be P<.05.<br />Findings: Results showed that GDNF levels in cerebellum of Parkinsonian rats in training group had significant difference with healthy and Parkinson groups (P=.001).<br />Conclusion: Pre-treatment with voluntary exercise prevented the decrease in increased GDNF levels of cerebellum and its levels compared with base levels. Thus, it seems that Voluntary exercise have protective role against 6-hydroxydopamine lesions in cerebellum of Parkinsonian rats.<br /><br /><br />Introduction: Parkinson's disease is caused by disorder in control centers of body and leads to vibration at rest, bradykinesia, tremor, muscular rigidity and postural imbalance. The disease occures due to the loss of midbrain dopaminergic cells. Glial cell line-derived neurotrophic factor in the midbrain dopaminergic neurons has been identified as a nerotrophic factor of dopaminergic neurons in midbrain. The purpose of this study was to investigate the protective effects of 12 weeks of voluntary exercise on a running wheel on the GDNF levels of cerebellum against 6-hydroxydopamine lesions in Parkinsonian rats.<br />-<br />Methods: In this experimental study, twenty one rats were divided into three groups: healthy, Parkinson control and Training-Parkinson (initially had training and then received a solution of 6 hydroxy-dopamine). Parkinson and control groups have been kept in special cages until the end of the study. Training- Parkinson group was housed in individual cages geared with running wheels. After 12 weeks, 250) Micrograms of 6-hydroxydopamine (6-OHDA) were administered to the right ventricle (ICV) in Parkinson controls and training - Parkinson. Finally, five days after intraventricular injection, GDNF levels in the cerebellum were measured by ELISA method. Data was analyzed using one-way Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) and Tukey post-hoc tests. Significance level was considered to be P<.05.<br />Findings: Results showed that GDNF levels in cerebellum of Parkinsonian rats in training group had significant difference with healthy and Parkinson groups (P=.001).<br />Conclusion: Pre-treatment with voluntary exercise prevented the decrease in increased GDNF levels of cerebellum and its levels compared with base levels. Thus, it seems that Voluntary exercise have protective role against 6-hydroxydopamine lesions in cerebellum of Parkinsonian rats.<br /><br />https://joeppa.sbu.ac.ir/article_98696_9ad739ad9586d61be06009fd88be7189.pdfShahid Beheshti UniversityJournal of Sport and Exercise Physiology2676-37105220120922Monitoring stress response and systemic inflammatory following exercise protocol Oxford with and without herbal supplement ginger in male athletesMonitoring stress response and systemic inflammatory following exercise protocol Oxford with and without herbal supplement ginger in male athletes9869810.48308/joeppa.2012.98698FAJournal Article20150601<br />Introduction: The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of anti-inflammatory of ginger supplementation on changes in values changes heat shock protein (HSP), creatine Kinase(CK) and C-reactive protein(CRP), respectively, as markers of cellular stress, cell damage and inflammation following the Oxford, protocol in volleyball young men.<br />Methods: 20 male athletes in a longitudinal randomized into groups: Oxford strength training with and without supplemental Ginger (experimental group) and placebo group with Oxford training the (with and without the so- called starch placebo) divided were. The subjects of the experimental group, flour of ginger 3 grams in three servings (1 gram in per serving), before they consume three servings of food. A placebo group consumed capsules containing 1 g of starch. Blood sampling of the Study subjects collected at 3stage immediately before, immediately after and 24 hours after strength training reducer. One-way ANOVA for repeated measures used to study the effect of strength training protocol or complementary effect in the different stages.<br />Results: exercise protocol Oxford in Lead significantly increased of HSP72 and<br />nosignificant increases levels of<br />CK and CRP immediately after it was on the rise, even after 24 hours, then returned to original condition. Ginger supplementation cause significant reduce levels of the aforesaid stress and inflammatory markers following the implementation of exercise protocol Oxford, but no complete inhibition of the index following the exercise protocol Oxford in compared with placebo.<br />Conclusion: Ginger supplementation before exercise an alternative therapies to suppress or enhance Inhibition inflammation and alleviate the effects of stress, Due to heavy exercise protocol.<br /><br /><br />Introduction: The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of anti-inflammatory of ginger supplementation on changes in values changes heat shock protein (HSP), creatine Kinase(CK) and C-reactive protein(CRP), respectively, as markers of cellular stress, cell damage and inflammation following the Oxford, protocol in volleyball young men.<br />Methods: 20 male athletes in a longitudinal randomized into groups: Oxford strength training with and without supplemental Ginger (experimental group) and placebo group with Oxford training the (with and without the so- called starch placebo) divided were. The subjects of the experimental group, flour of ginger 3 grams in three servings (1 gram in per serving), before they consume three servings of food. A placebo group consumed capsules containing 1 g of starch. Blood sampling of the Study subjects collected at 3stage immediately before, immediately after and 24 hours after strength training reducer. One-way ANOVA for repeated measures used to study the effect of strength training protocol or complementary effect in the different stages.<br />Results: exercise protocol Oxford in Lead significantly increased of HSP72 and<br />nosignificant increases levels of<br />CK and CRP immediately after it was on the rise, even after 24 hours, then returned to original condition. Ginger supplementation cause significant reduce levels of the aforesaid stress and inflammatory markers following the implementation of exercise protocol Oxford, but no complete inhibition of the index following the exercise protocol Oxford in compared with placebo.<br />Conclusion: Ginger supplementation before exercise an alternative therapies to suppress or enhance Inhibition inflammation and alleviate the effects of stress, Due to heavy exercise protocol.<br /><br />https://joeppa.sbu.ac.ir/article_98698_a5d17b5c9d2622aa539e93be7ec73aaf.pdfShahid Beheshti UniversityJournal of Sport and Exercise Physiology2676-37105220120922Effect of 8 week endurance training on plasma and heart tissue collagen XVIII in male Wistar ratsEffect of 8 week endurance training on plasma and heart tissue collagen XVIII in male Wistar rats9870010.48308/joeppa.2012.98700FAJournal Article20150601
Purpose: the aim of this study was to examine the effect of endurance training on plasma and heart tissue collagen XVII in male Wistar rats. Methods: 16 male Wistar rats (4-6 week old. 125-135 g weight) were randomly divided two groups: experimental (n=8) and control (n=8) groups. Training protocol consisted of treadmill exercise at 20 to 60 min, speed 28 to 34 m٫min. (0%) grade, for 5days٫week for 8 weeks. Rats were sacrificed 72 h after the last session of exercise for measurement collagen XVIII levels in plasma and heart tissue. Plasma and tissue collagen XVIII levels measured using ELISA. Data were analyzed using independent t-test at P= 0.05. Results collagen XVIII levels increased in plasma and heart tissue after 8 weeks endurance training, but significant difference observed only in heart tissue (P=0.046). Conclusion: It likely appears that increased of collagen XVIII was indicator of exercise training effect on anti-angiogenesis and confirmed the anti-cancer impact of exercise training.
Purpose: the aim of this study was to examine the effect of endurance training on plasma and heart tissue collagen XVII in male Wistar rats. Methods: 16 male Wistar rats (4-6 week old. 125-135 g weight) were randomly divided two groups: experimental (n=8) and control (n=8) groups. Training protocol consisted of treadmill exercise at 20 to 60 min, speed 28 to 34 m٫min. (0%) grade, for 5days٫week for 8 weeks. Rats were sacrificed 72 h after the last session of exercise for measurement collagen XVIII levels in plasma and heart tissue. Plasma and tissue collagen XVIII levels measured using ELISA. Data were analyzed using independent t-test at P= 0.05. Results collagen XVIII levels increased in plasma and heart tissue after 8 weeks endurance training, but significant difference observed only in heart tissue (P=0.046). Conclusion: It likely appears that increased of collagen XVIII was indicator of exercise training effect on anti-angiogenesis and confirmed the anti-cancer impact of exercise training.
https://joeppa.sbu.ac.ir/article_98700_87fe4a3096f0d181195100b47b29e222.pdfShahid Beheshti UniversityJournal of Sport and Exercise Physiology2676-37105220120922The effects of Sixteen weeks of selected aerobic training on Serum osteopontin and osteocalcin in sedentary middle-aged womenThe effects of Sixteen weeks of selected aerobic training on Serum osteopontin and osteocalcin in sedentary middle-aged women9870210.48308/joeppa.2012.98702FAJournal Article20150601
Purpose: The aim of this study was to examine the effects of 16-weeks selective aerobic training on serum osteopontin and osteocalcin in sedentary middle-aged women. Methods: In this semi-experimental study. 16 sedentary middle-aged women (39٫375+3٫667 years) who had no regular physical activity were non-randomly selected as the subjects, randomly divided into experimental (n=9) and control groups (n=7). Fasting blood samples were taken before and after 16 weeks of aerobic training. Aerobic training was performed at an intensity corresponding to 65% to 70% of the subjects' target heart rate for 3 d٫wk and for 16 weeks. Paired t-test was used to determine the differences between before and after training data in each group, and Mann-Whitney test was used to compare data in training and control groups. Statistical significance was set at o≤ 0.05. Results: osteopontin and osteocalcin increased significantly in the experimental group than in the control group after 16 weeks of aerobic training (respectively, p=0٫023 and p=0٫021). In the within-group comparisons, the training group in both indices showed a significant increase (p<0٫05). However, the control group showed no significant changes. Conclusion: It seems that prolonged moderate-intensity aerobic training may be useful for middle-aged women by lifestyle changes aimed at proteins that affect bone density and prevent osteoporosis.
Purpose: The aim of this study was to examine the effects of 16-weeks selective aerobic training on serum osteopontin and osteocalcin in sedentary middle-aged women. Methods: In this semi-experimental study. 16 sedentary middle-aged women (39٫375+3٫667 years) who had no regular physical activity were non-randomly selected as the subjects, randomly divided into experimental (n=9) and control groups (n=7). Fasting blood samples were taken before and after 16 weeks of aerobic training. Aerobic training was performed at an intensity corresponding to 65% to 70% of the subjects' target heart rate for 3 d٫wk and for 16 weeks. Paired t-test was used to determine the differences between before and after training data in each group, and Mann-Whitney test was used to compare data in training and control groups. Statistical significance was set at o≤ 0.05. Results: osteopontin and osteocalcin increased significantly in the experimental group than in the control group after 16 weeks of aerobic training (respectively, p=0٫023 and p=0٫021). In the within-group comparisons, the training group in both indices showed a significant increase (p<0٫05). However, the control group showed no significant changes. Conclusion: It seems that prolonged moderate-intensity aerobic training may be useful for middle-aged women by lifestyle changes aimed at proteins that affect bone density and prevent osteoporosis.
https://joeppa.sbu.ac.ir/article_98702_753f7913a193f950acaa85b10a5dd226.pdfShahid Beheshti UniversityJournal of Sport and Exercise Physiology2676-37105220120922Relationship between cardio-respiratory fitness and waist to hip ratio with physical and psychological symptoms of premenstrual syndrome in girlsRelationship between cardio-respiratory fitness and waist to hip ratio with physical and psychological symptoms of premenstrual syndrome in girls9870410.48308/joeppa.2012.98704FAJournal Article20150601
Objective: Premenstrual syndrome is a wide variety of physical and psychological symptoms that occurs in a week before the beginning of menstruation. In Some studies, regular physical activity especially. aerobic exercise are recommended as a non-pharmacological therapy for premenstrual syndrome. The importance of a healthy body mass in the prevention of this syndrome has been mentioned in some other researches. The aim of this study was to evaluate the association between cardio-respiratory fitness and waist to hip ratio with physical and psychological symptoms of premenstrual syndrome.
Methods: The method of this research was a kind of descriptive correlation. Sixty female students(ages 18-25 years) voluntarily participated in this study. The Moos menstrual distress questionnaire was used for measuring premenstrual symptoms. Maximal oxygen uptake was calculated using the Bruce treadmill test. Waist and hip circumferences of participants were also measured and waist to hip ratio was calculated. The Pearson correlation coefficient was used for analysis of the data.
Results: Cardio-respiratory fitness was significantly and negatively correlated with physical and psychological symptoms of premenstrual syndrome (P<0.05),but waist to hip ratio was not associated with physical and psychological symptoms of premenstrual syndrome(P>0.05).
Conclusions: The higher level of cardio-respiratory fitness which is probably the result of exercise and daily activities may be an important factor correlated with the symptoms of premenstrual syndrome.
Objective: Premenstrual syndrome is a wide variety of physical and psychological symptoms that occurs in a week before the beginning of menstruation. In Some studies, regular physical activity especially. aerobic exercise are recommended as a non-pharmacological therapy for premenstrual syndrome. The importance of a healthy body mass in the prevention of this syndrome has been mentioned in some other researches. The aim of this study was to evaluate the association between cardio-respiratory fitness and waist to hip ratio with physical and psychological symptoms of premenstrual syndrome.
Methods: The method of this research was a kind of descriptive correlation. Sixty female students(ages 18-25 years) voluntarily participated in this study. The Moos menstrual distress questionnaire was used for measuring premenstrual symptoms. Maximal oxygen uptake was calculated using the Bruce treadmill test. Waist and hip circumferences of participants were also measured and waist to hip ratio was calculated. The Pearson correlation coefficient was used for analysis of the data.
Results: Cardio-respiratory fitness was significantly and negatively correlated with physical and psychological symptoms of premenstrual syndrome (P<0.05),but waist to hip ratio was not associated with physical and psychological symptoms of premenstrual syndrome(P>0.05).
Conclusions: The higher level of cardio-respiratory fitness which is probably the result of exercise and daily activities may be an important factor correlated with the symptoms of premenstrual syndrome.
https://joeppa.sbu.ac.ir/article_98704_5633c10ff5a60104718fb2668ed3dbd5.pdfShahid Beheshti UniversityJournal of Sport and Exercise Physiology2676-37105220120922The effect of four weeks interval training with creatine supplementation on body composition and sprint performance in amatory females swimmersThe effect of four weeks interval training with creatine supplementation on body composition and sprint performance in amatory females swimmers9870610.48308/joeppa.2012.98706FAJournal Article20150601
purpose: The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of four weeks interval training with creatine supplementation on body composition and sprint performance in amatory female swimmers. Methods: Subjects consist of 30 female from Ahvaz City (average age: 22٫10 ± 1٫41, mean weight: 57 ± 6٫31 kg) were selected and randomly divided in three equal groups of supplement, placebo and control. The subjects in supplement group ingested 20gr (2x10gr per day) creatine supplement per day for five days (loading phase) and then ingested 2gr per day for 25 day (maintenance phase). In placebo group, the subjects ingested the same dose of placebo at the same time. The supplement and placebo groups participated in swimming interval training by 85 90% of maximum heart rate for four weeks. The control group didn't ingested supplement and didn't participate in training. body compositions factors of subjects were evaluated by performed body composition test and for evaluation the sprint performance, subjects performed the 25m swimming test. All of the subjects performed these tests before and after 4 weaks training. Results: The results suggested that four weeks interval training with creatine supplementation lead to no significant changes in body compositions factors in supplement and placebo groups. But four weeks interval training with creatine supplementation lead to significant changes in sprint performance in supplement and placebo groups. Conclusion: Therefore these results suggest that creatine supplementation lead to increase in muscle creatine reserve, improvement in ATP-Pe system and then lead to improvement in intensive short distance performance. In the other hand, the subjects were amatory and one of the factors that improved the records of sprint performance (in tow groups) may be learning and effects of training.
purpose: The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of four weeks interval training with creatine supplementation on body composition and sprint performance in amatory female swimmers. Methods: Subjects consist of 30 female from Ahvaz City (average age: 22٫10 ± 1٫41, mean weight: 57 ± 6٫31 kg) were selected and randomly divided in three equal groups of supplement, placebo and control. The subjects in supplement group ingested 20gr (2x10gr per day) creatine supplement per day for five days (loading phase) and then ingested 2gr per day for 25 day (maintenance phase). In placebo group, the subjects ingested the same dose of placebo at the same time. The supplement and placebo groups participated in swimming interval training by 85 90% of maximum heart rate for four weeks. The control group didn't ingested supplement and didn't participate in training. body compositions factors of subjects were evaluated by performed body composition test and for evaluation the sprint performance, subjects performed the 25m swimming test. All of the subjects performed these tests before and after 4 weaks training. Results: The results suggested that four weeks interval training with creatine supplementation lead to no significant changes in body compositions factors in supplement and placebo groups. But four weeks interval training with creatine supplementation lead to significant changes in sprint performance in supplement and placebo groups. Conclusion: Therefore these results suggest that creatine supplementation lead to increase in muscle creatine reserve, improvement in ATP-Pe system and then lead to improvement in intensive short distance performance. In the other hand, the subjects were amatory and one of the factors that improved the records of sprint performance (in tow groups) may be learning and effects of training.
https://joeppa.sbu.ac.ir/article_98706_e33f47700643b7ab49dc6f15937ab808.pdfShahid Beheshti UniversityJournal of Sport and Exercise Physiology2676-37105220120922The acute effect of static and dynamic stretching on running economy and hemodynamic responses before submaximal activity in men soccer playerThe acute effect of static and dynamic stretching on running economy and hemodynamic responses before submaximal activity in men soccer player9870910.48308/joeppa.2012.98709FAJournal Article20150601
This research aimed to examine the acute effect of static and dynamic stretching before submaximal activity on running economy and hemodynamic responses in men soccer player. 12 men soccer player from Army Islamic Republic of Iran with average age of 21.08 1.24 years: weight: 69.75±3.95 kg; height: 175 6.11 cm; body fat: 8.7 ± 1.12%; BMI: 22.66 1.27 kg٫m²; maximum oxygen uptake(Vo2max): 44.33 4.22 mlkg min¹) participated voluntarily in this study. After measurement of Vo2max, the subjects performed three test in three separate sessions. Two protocols consist of static and dynamic stretching and one protocol without stretching before submaximal activity (include: 13 min of treadmill running at 65% Vo2max). Respiratory gas exchange, running economy and hart rate was measured by gas analyzer during the running exercise and chest belt and blood pressure was measured immediately after running. A repeated measures ANOVA (SPSS, ver 18.0) was used to compare the three interventions(P≤0.05). The results showed there is no significant differences between static & dynamic stretching between three interventions. Although we conclude that a static and dynamic stretching routine probably does not harm or benefit running economy or hemodynamic responses compared to no stretching before submaximal exercise.
This research aimed to examine the acute effect of static and dynamic stretching before submaximal activity on running economy and hemodynamic responses in men soccer player. 12 men soccer player from Army Islamic Republic of Iran with average age of 21.08 1.24 years: weight: 69.75±3.95 kg; height: 175 6.11 cm; body fat: 8.7 ± 1.12%; BMI: 22.66 1.27 kg٫m²; maximum oxygen uptake(Vo2max): 44.33 4.22 mlkg min¹) participated voluntarily in this study. After measurement of Vo2max, the subjects performed three test in three separate sessions. Two protocols consist of static and dynamic stretching and one protocol without stretching before submaximal activity (include: 13 min of treadmill running at 65% Vo2max). Respiratory gas exchange, running economy and hart rate was measured by gas analyzer during the running exercise and chest belt and blood pressure was measured immediately after running. A repeated measures ANOVA (SPSS, ver 18.0) was used to compare the three interventions(P≤0.05). The results showed there is no significant differences between static & dynamic stretching between three interventions. Although we conclude that a static and dynamic stretching routine probably does not harm or benefit running economy or hemodynamic responses compared to no stretching before submaximal exercise.
https://joeppa.sbu.ac.ir/article_98709_34428b2beca48e00121a2816cc92b442.pdfShahid Beheshti UniversityJournal of Sport and Exercise Physiology2676-37105213910701Acute responses of platelet indices to concentric isotonic and isokinetic contractions in healthy men AbstractAcute responses of platelet indices to concentric isotonic and isokinetic contractions in healthy men Abstract9871010.48308/joeppa.1391.98710FAJournal Article13940311
Purpose: Because acute responses of platelet indices to different muscle contraction modes are importance and different muscle contraction models also have different hormonal and neuromuscular responses present study was designed to investigate the effects of different concentric isotonic and isokinetic contraction and th recovery (Ih-rec) periods on platelet indices. Methods: Ten healthy male subjects (26.9 ±1.7 years) completed two Isotonic and isokinetic contraction test trials with one week interval at an intensity corresponding to 40% of maximal voluntary isometric torque at 70 (MVIT 70) on two legs quadriceps muscle using Biodex Systems Pro 4 which was followed by th recovery. Venous blood samples (5 ml) were obtained before, immediately after exercise and at the end of recovery and were analyzed for platelet count (PLT), Large platelet count rate (PLC-R), mean platelet volume (MPV). platelet wide distribution (PDW) using cell counter Sysmex K-1000 and Lactate concentration using enzymatic methods. Plasma volume changes were estimated from hemoglobin and hematocrit readings before and after each exercise trial. Results: Although both exercise trials without considering type of contraction were followed by a significant increase in corrected PLT. PDW. and MPV (P<0.05). These increases were transient and decreased to pre- exercise level at the end of recovery. PLC-R after exercise and 1h-rec had no significant changes (P>0.05). There was no different between two type of contraction for corrected PLT. PLC-R and MPV (P>0.05) and only PDW and uncorrected PLT increases was different for two type of contraction (P<0.05). Conclusion: In general concentric isotonic exercise is followed by higher levels of PLT and PDW in comparison to concentric isokinetics exercise and results showed that after concentric isokinetic contraction with same training volume in comparison with isotonic contraction rate of some platlet incides increase and thrombocytosis is lower.
Purpose: Because acute responses of platelet indices to different muscle contraction modes are importance and different muscle contraction models also have different hormonal and neuromuscular responses present study was designed to investigate the effects of different concentric isotonic and isokinetic contraction and th recovery (Ih-rec) periods on platelet indices. Methods: Ten healthy male subjects (26.9 ±1.7 years) completed two Isotonic and isokinetic contraction test trials with one week interval at an intensity corresponding to 40% of maximal voluntary isometric torque at 70 (MVIT 70) on two legs quadriceps muscle using Biodex Systems Pro 4 which was followed by th recovery. Venous blood samples (5 ml) were obtained before, immediately after exercise and at the end of recovery and were analyzed for platelet count (PLT), Large platelet count rate (PLC-R), mean platelet volume (MPV). platelet wide distribution (PDW) using cell counter Sysmex K-1000 and Lactate concentration using enzymatic methods. Plasma volume changes were estimated from hemoglobin and hematocrit readings before and after each exercise trial. Results: Although both exercise trials without considering type of contraction were followed by a significant increase in corrected PLT. PDW. and MPV (P<0.05). These increases were transient and decreased to pre- exercise level at the end of recovery. PLC-R after exercise and 1h-rec had no significant changes (P>0.05). There was no different between two type of contraction for corrected PLT. PLC-R and MPV (P>0.05) and only PDW and uncorrected PLT increases was different for two type of contraction (P<0.05). Conclusion: In general concentric isotonic exercise is followed by higher levels of PLT and PDW in comparison to concentric isokinetics exercise and results showed that after concentric isokinetic contraction with same training volume in comparison with isotonic contraction rate of some platlet incides increase and thrombocytosis is lower.https://joeppa.sbu.ac.ir/article_98710_359ba43cf02cff2bc4554c39caf4c945.pdf