Shahid Beheshti UniversityJournal of Sport and Exercise Physiology2676-37107120140421Effect of Eight Weeks Endurance Training and nNOS Inhibition on Skeletal Muscle Agrin levels in Old RatsEffect of Eight Weeks Endurance Training and nNOS Inhibition on Skeletal Muscle Agrin levels in Old Rats9867910.48308/joeppa.2014.98679FAJournal Article20150517Purpose: The structure and function of neuromuscular junction (NMJ) changes significantly such as decrease nNOS activity during aging and results in decrease of physical performance and sarcopenia. The purpose of this study was to determine the effect of eight weeks of endurance training and neuronal nitric oxide synthase (nNOS) inhibition on skeletal muscle agrin levels in old rats. Methodology: Endogenous NO production was blocked by two administering NG-nitro-L- arginine methyl ester (LNAME) dosages (25 and 100 mg.kg 1.day1) solved in drinking water. Forty eight old male Wistar rats (20 months) were randomly divided into six groups: Control, LNAME25, LNAME100, endurance training with LNAME25, endurance training with LNAME100 and training. LNAME treatment began three days before exercise protocol and continued until the last day. Endurance training groups were exercised on treadmill for 8 weeks, 5 times a week and 60 minutes a day at velocity up to 28 m/min progressively. Forty eight hours after last session of exercise training, animals were anesthetized and soleus and Extensor digitorum longus (EDL) were removed. Results: Western Blotting analysis revealed that Soleus and EDL muscles agrin content in Training+ LNAME 25,100 and Training groups were significantly higher than control group (P<0.05) and LNAME 100 mg.kg"1.day1 treatment significantly decreased agrin content in these muscles (P<0.05). Conclusion: It seems that decrease in nNOS activity during aging, could be responsible for decrease in agrin level and NMJ weakness. Our data suggested that daily endurance training could increase agrin level even in rats which received LNAME. In general, daily training could be a suitable route to reduce sarcopenia in aged population.Purpose: The structure and function of neuromuscular junction (NMJ) changes significantly such as decrease nNOS activity during aging and results in decrease of physical performance and sarcopenia. The purpose of this study was to determine the effect of eight weeks of endurance training and neuronal nitric oxide synthase (nNOS) inhibition on skeletal muscle agrin levels in old rats. Methodology: Endogenous NO production was blocked by two administering NG-nitro-L- arginine methyl ester (LNAME) dosages (25 and 100 mg.kg 1.day1) solved in drinking water. Forty eight old male Wistar rats (20 months) were randomly divided into six groups: Control, LNAME25, LNAME100, endurance training with LNAME25, endurance training with LNAME100 and training. LNAME treatment began three days before exercise protocol and continued until the last day. Endurance training groups were exercised on treadmill for 8 weeks, 5 times a week and 60 minutes a day at velocity up to 28 m/min progressively. Forty eight hours after last session of exercise training, animals were anesthetized and soleus and Extensor digitorum longus (EDL) were removed. Results: Western Blotting analysis revealed that Soleus and EDL muscles agrin content in Training+ LNAME 25,100 and Training groups were significantly higher than control group (P<0.05) and LNAME 100 mg.kg"1.day1 treatment significantly decreased agrin content in these muscles (P<0.05). Conclusion: It seems that decrease in nNOS activity during aging, could be responsible for decrease in agrin level and NMJ weakness. Our data suggested that daily endurance training could increase agrin level even in rats which received LNAME. In general, daily training could be a suitable route to reduce sarcopenia in aged population.https://joeppa.sbu.ac.ir/article_98679_99bdfb9382a97f95b4ce4419942caec1.pdfShahid Beheshti UniversityJournal of Sport and Exercise Physiology2676-37107120140421Comparing the effects of six weeks of volleyball specific training on hard and soft surfaces on anaerobic power, vertical jump, agility and fat percentage of volleyball playersComparing the effects of six weeks of volleyball specific training on hard and soft surfaces on anaerobic power, vertical jump, agility and fat percentage of volleyball players9868110.48308/joeppa.2014.98681FAJournal Article20150517
The aim of this study was to compare the effect of six weeks of volleyball specific training on the sand and lounge on anaerobic power, vertical jump, agility and fat percentage of volleyball players. For this purpose, 18 male volleyball players (Mean SD, age, 23.743.7 and weight 75.31 1.74) were randomly assigned to two groups of sand and lounge. Two groups performed a six-week specific volleyball training protocol on sand and lounge at maximal intensity. Anaerobic power, vertical jump, agility, and body mass index (BMI) were measured at pre- and post- training for both groups. Between and within groups comparisons were made by using independent and dependent t-test. The results of the study revealed that training on sand compared to lounge had a significant (P<0.05) effect on vertical jump, anaerobic power and agility and caused improvements in these variables. Fat percentage decreased significantly in the sand group (P<0.05). Base on the findings of the present study, it could be concluded that the specific volleyball training on the sand causes more improvements in physical fitness and capability than training on lounge. Therefore, this kind of training protocol could be used by athletes and coaches during conditioning period in pre-season.
The aim of this study was to compare the effect of six weeks of volleyball specific training on the sand and lounge on anaerobic power, vertical jump, agility and fat percentage of volleyball players. For this purpose, 18 male volleyball players (Mean SD, age, 23.743.7 and weight 75.31 1.74) were randomly assigned to two groups of sand and lounge. Two groups performed a six-week specific volleyball training protocol on sand and lounge at maximal intensity. Anaerobic power, vertical jump, agility, and body mass index (BMI) were measured at pre- and post- training for both groups. Between and within groups comparisons were made by using independent and dependent t-test. The results of the study revealed that training on sand compared to lounge had a significant (P<0.05) effect on vertical jump, anaerobic power and agility and caused improvements in these variables. Fat percentage decreased significantly in the sand group (P<0.05). Base on the findings of the present study, it could be concluded that the specific volleyball training on the sand causes more improvements in physical fitness and capability than training on lounge. Therefore, this kind of training protocol could be used by athletes and coaches during conditioning period in pre-season.
https://joeppa.sbu.ac.ir/article_98681_41397a1690d8176b749f44e71868211d.pdfShahid Beheshti UniversityJournal of Sport and Exercise Physiology2676-37107120140421The effects of short-term garlic supplementation on cardiopulmonary variables in healthy young sedentary males with hot nature.The effects of short-term garlic supplementation on cardiopulmonary variables in healthy young sedentary males with hot nature.9868310.48308/joeppa.2014.98683FAJournal Article20150517
Background: Various factors affecting the cardiopulmonary variables, particularly supplementation studies are considered. Garlic that is known as a medicinal plant for the treatment of cardiovascular and other metabolic diseases, include active photochemical units. Purpose: Purpose of this research was to investigate the acute effects of garlic supplementation on oxygen consumption volume (Vo2), carbon dioxide production volume (Vco2), respiratory exchange ratio (RER) and pulse oxygen (O2 pulse) among healthy young sedentary males with hot nature. Materials and Methods: Thirty healthy young sedentary males (Age 21.8 ± 1.75 yrs., Height 174.3 ± 1.8 cm, Weight 67.6 ± 3.4 kg) divided no randomly into two groups of supplementation and placebo. The supplement group received each day for a week 1000 mg of garlic pill and placebo group each day for a week 500 mg of starch. All of the subjects participated before and after supplementation on self-dependent exhaustive protocol. The cardiopulmonary variables of aerobic and anaerobic threshold and maximal state were measured with the respiratory gas analysis. Analysis of covariance (ANCOVA) as well as the Omega Square (w2) was used to analysis the data. Results: Our results indicate that taking garlic pill has a significant effect on maximal respiratory exchange ratio and anaerobic oxygen pulse. Conclusion: According to the results it could be concluded that short-term supplementation of garlic presumably affect on the maximal respiratory exchange ratio and anaerobic O2 pulse in the healthy. young sedentary males.
Background: Various factors affecting the cardiopulmonary variables, particularly supplementation studies are considered. Garlic that is known as a medicinal plant for the treatment of cardiovascular and other metabolic diseases, include active photochemical units. Purpose: Purpose of this research was to investigate the acute effects of garlic supplementation on oxygen consumption volume (Vo2), carbon dioxide production volume (Vco2), respiratory exchange ratio (RER) and pulse oxygen (O2 pulse) among healthy young sedentary males with hot nature. Materials and Methods: Thirty healthy young sedentary males (Age 21.8 ± 1.75 yrs., Height 174.3 ± 1.8 cm, Weight 67.6 ± 3.4 kg) divided no randomly into two groups of supplementation and placebo. The supplement group received each day for a week 1000 mg of garlic pill and placebo group each day for a week 500 mg of starch. All of the subjects participated before and after supplementation on self-dependent exhaustive protocol. The cardiopulmonary variables of aerobic and anaerobic threshold and maximal state were measured with the respiratory gas analysis. Analysis of covariance (ANCOVA) as well as the Omega Square (w2) was used to analysis the data. Results: Our results indicate that taking garlic pill has a significant effect on maximal respiratory exchange ratio and anaerobic oxygen pulse. Conclusion: According to the results it could be concluded that short-term supplementation of garlic presumably affect on the maximal respiratory exchange ratio and anaerobic O2 pulse in the healthy. young sedentary males.
https://joeppa.sbu.ac.ir/article_98683_9ece8f4faddf671a3ba0a26649b9d976.pdfShahid Beheshti UniversityJournal of Sport and Exercise Physiology2676-37107120140421Investigation the change joint angle on antagonist muscle co-activation in isometric contractionInvestigation the change joint angle on antagonist muscle co-activation in isometric contraction9868510.48308/joeppa.2014.98685FAJournal Article20150517
This study seeks to answer this question that the variations of muscle length or joint angular can change the rate of coactivation of antagonist muscle in isometric contraction? The subjects were 15 male students with average age 21.67-1.58, height 172.93+5.13an and weight 60.85±5.41kg All subjects were healthy and had no any history of pain or injury in arm, elbow and wrist. IEMG were taken from biceps and triceps with maximal voluntary contraction in 90-120 and 180 degree of elbow joint. Results showed that maximal voluntary contraction of elbow in 90° and 120° angle (P-0.001) were significantly increased in comparison with 180°. Whereas there were no significant difference between maximal voluntary contraction of elbow in 90° and 120° angle (P-0.516).The electrical activity of biceps and triceps in elbow angles of 90° (P=0.010) and 120° (P=0.002) were significantly greater than 180° (P=0.043). Also there were no significant difference between electrical activity of biceps and triceps in elbow angles of 90° (P-0.819) and 120° (P-0.202). Results indicate that other factors except joint angel would affect the research outcomes. Some researchers report differences in muscles recruitment patterns due to velocity of movement, amount and type of muscle work and force production. Joint angel has the most effect than other factors such as movement velocity. So Joint angel as a prominent factor in control of recruitment patterns of muscles should be noticed. It is important that when bodybuildings coach's sports teams want strengthen a particular muscle with respect to its importance in moving a given motion in a particular sport, that in this case to put the muscle at greatest burden, surrounding muscle and joint angles should be considered very carefully regulated.
This study seeks to answer this question that the variations of muscle length or joint angular can change the rate of coactivation of antagonist muscle in isometric contraction? The subjects were 15 male students with average age 21.67-1.58, height 172.93+5.13an and weight 60.85±5.41kg All subjects were healthy and had no any history of pain or injury in arm, elbow and wrist. IEMG were taken from biceps and triceps with maximal voluntary contraction in 90-120 and 180 degree of elbow joint. Results showed that maximal voluntary contraction of elbow in 90° and 120° angle (P-0.001) were significantly increased in comparison with 180°. Whereas there were no significant difference between maximal voluntary contraction of elbow in 90° and 120° angle (P-0.516).The electrical activity of biceps and triceps in elbow angles of 90° (P=0.010) and 120° (P=0.002) were significantly greater than 180° (P=0.043). Also there were no significant difference between electrical activity of biceps and triceps in elbow angles of 90° (P-0.819) and 120° (P-0.202). Results indicate that other factors except joint angel would affect the research outcomes. Some researchers report differences in muscles recruitment patterns due to velocity of movement, amount and type of muscle work and force production. Joint angel has the most effect than other factors such as movement velocity. So Joint angel as a prominent factor in control of recruitment patterns of muscles should be noticed. It is important that when bodybuildings coach's sports teams want strengthen a particular muscle with respect to its importance in moving a given motion in a particular sport, that in this case to put the muscle at greatest burden, surrounding muscle and joint angles should be considered very carefully regulated.
https://joeppa.sbu.ac.ir/article_98685_2a6a6a3a805dccdab0ce21a07c75e5ec.pdfShahid Beheshti UniversityJournal of Sport and Exercise Physiology2676-37107120140421The pre-teatment effect of voluntary exercise by GDNF on lesion injectioned by 6- hydroxydopamine in brain stem of male rats
AbstractThe pre-teatment effect of voluntary exercise by GDNF on lesion injectioned by 6- hydroxydopamine in brain stem of male rats
Abstract9868710.48308/joeppa.2014.98687FAJournal Article20150517
Background&Purpose: The purpose of this research was to investigate the protective effect of voluntary exercise by GDNF on lesion induced by 6-hydroxydopamine in brainstem of male rats. Methods: In this study, 24 Wistar rats were randomly divided into four groups: healthy control, Parkinson-control, healthy- exercise, Parkinsonian group, that first exercised and then Parkinson was induced (Practice-treated). Subjects in exercise group were kept in special cages geared with running wheels for 12 weeks. After 12 weeks, 6- OHDA was injected into the right ventricle of the brain and five days after intraventricular injection, sampling was performed and GDNF level of brainstem was measured by ELISA method. Data were analyzed statistically by oneway ANOVA test and tukey post hoc. Results: The level of brain stem GDNF in parkinsonian-control have significantly decrease when compared with healthy training group (P-0.015). GDNF in parkinsonian-exercise have significantly increasewhen compared with parkinsonian-control (P-0.015).there are not significantly difference between healthy-exercise and parkinsonian-exercise with healthy-control respectively (P=0.87) and (P=0.95). difference between healthy-control and parkinsonian control was signifant (P-0.004). Conclusion: The findings of the present study show that pre-treatment with voluntary exercise can increase GDNF level of brain stem and can protect brainstem neurons against lesion by 6-OHDA toxicity.
Background&Purpose: The purpose of this research was to investigate the protective effect of voluntary exercise by GDNF on lesion induced by 6-hydroxydopamine in brainstem of male rats. Methods: In this study, 24 Wistar rats were randomly divided into four groups: healthy control, Parkinson-control, healthy- exercise, Parkinsonian group, that first exercised and then Parkinson was induced (Practice-treated). Subjects in exercise group were kept in special cages geared with running wheels for 12 weeks. After 12 weeks, 6- OHDA was injected into the right ventricle of the brain and five days after intraventricular injection, sampling was performed and GDNF level of brainstem was measured by ELISA method. Data were analyzed statistically by oneway ANOVA test and tukey post hoc. Results: The level of brain stem GDNF in parkinsonian-control have significantly decrease when compared with healthy training group (P-0.015). GDNF in parkinsonian-exercise have significantly increasewhen compared with parkinsonian-control (P-0.015).there are not significantly difference between healthy-exercise and parkinsonian-exercise with healthy-control respectively (P=0.87) and (P=0.95). difference between healthy-control and parkinsonian control was signifant (P-0.004). Conclusion: The findings of the present study show that pre-treatment with voluntary exercise can increase GDNF level of brain stem and can protect brainstem neurons against lesion by 6-OHDA toxicity.
https://joeppa.sbu.ac.ir/article_98687_432dfca08506d53d312f4fdc0f4a15d9.pdfShahid Beheshti UniversityJournal of Sport and Exercise Physiology2676-37107120140421The comparison of brain's cortex electrical activity between endurance runners and sedentary men during rest periodThe comparison of brain's cortex electrical activity between endurance runners and sedentary men during rest period9868910.48308/joeppa.2014.98689FAJournal Article20150517
The results of some studies show that the first changes happening due to the physical activity in brain are the changes in alpha and beta brain wave activity. These changes are more obvious when individuals are allowed to take part in their favorite activities and the desired intensity for a long time. Therefore, this research aims at studying the comparison of brain cortex electrical activity between endurance runners and sedentary men during rest period. In this research, the researcher has compared changes in dependent variables between experimental and control groups. To do this, ten male endurance runners, with the average age 24/23+2/12, who had participated in National and International competitions and also performed endurance training for at least five years, have been compared with ten sedentary men with the average age 24/21+2/32. The results of this research showed that there was a significant difference between the experimental and control groups in brain cortex alpha and beta waves (p≤0.05). It also showed that there was a significant difference between these two groups in brain cortex lobes alpha wave, especially in occipital lobe and generally in the other lobes. It should be mentioned that the significant difference of beta wave in frontal lobe was seen (p<0.05). In general, it can be concluded that chronic endurance training causes an increase in brain cortex electrical activity (alpha and beta brain waves) and then leads to improvement of alertness, concentration, creativity, visualization, and relaxation.
The results of some studies show that the first changes happening due to the physical activity in brain are the changes in alpha and beta brain wave activity. These changes are more obvious when individuals are allowed to take part in their favorite activities and the desired intensity for a long time. Therefore, this research aims at studying the comparison of brain cortex electrical activity between endurance runners and sedentary men during rest period. In this research, the researcher has compared changes in dependent variables between experimental and control groups. To do this, ten male endurance runners, with the average age 24/23+2/12, who had participated in National and International competitions and also performed endurance training for at least five years, have been compared with ten sedentary men with the average age 24/21+2/32. The results of this research showed that there was a significant difference between the experimental and control groups in brain cortex alpha and beta waves (p≤0.05). It also showed that there was a significant difference between these two groups in brain cortex lobes alpha wave, especially in occipital lobe and generally in the other lobes. It should be mentioned that the significant difference of beta wave in frontal lobe was seen (p<0.05). In general, it can be concluded that chronic endurance training causes an increase in brain cortex electrical activity (alpha and beta brain waves) and then leads to improvement of alertness, concentration, creativity, visualization, and relaxation.
https://joeppa.sbu.ac.ir/article_98689_88fcc2860fd3fe6cc48bc824da4115e6.pdfShahid Beheshti UniversityJournal of Sport and Exercise Physiology2676-37107120140421Comparing the effect of 8 weeks of concurrent training with and without rest interval on lipid profile and body composition in women with type 2 diabetesComparing the effect of 8 weeks of concurrent training with and without rest interval on lipid profile and body composition in women with type 2 diabetes9869110.48308/joeppa.2014.98691FAJournal Article20150517
The purpose of this study was to compare the effect of two concurrent training protocols with and without rest between two parts of aerobic and resistance exercise on lipid profile and body composition In women with type 2 diabetes aged 40 to 60 years and BMI > 25. For this purpose, 33 female patients with type II diabetes were randomly divided into 3 groups: 1) concurrent (aerobic-resistance) exercise with 20 min rest in between, 2) concurrent (aerobic- resistance) training with no rest in between, and 3) Control. Training program was performed 3 times a week for 8 weeks. Resistance exercise consisted of 6 exercises, each with 3 sets of 10 repetitions and 90 seconds of rest interval. Aerobic exercise consisted of 30 minutes of aerobic activity. Before and after the intervention, blood sampling and measurements of body composition were performed. Results showed that after 8 weeks of concurrent training levels of cholesterol, triglycerides, low-density lipoprotein, waist-hip ratio, visceral fat mass, and percent of body fat were significantly reduced; and soft lean mass in both training groups increased, significantly. However, there was no significant difference between the changes within the training groups. There were no significant changes for other measured variables and also in the control group. In conclusion we can say that the two of exercise have similar beneficial effects on body composition and lipid profile, however, Due to low blood sugar and fatigue may occur for subjects we offer training concurrent with 20-minute rest interval.
The purpose of this study was to compare the effect of two concurrent training protocols with and without rest between two parts of aerobic and resistance exercise on lipid profile and body composition In women with type 2 diabetes aged 40 to 60 years and BMI > 25. For this purpose, 33 female patients with type II diabetes were randomly divided into 3 groups: 1) concurrent (aerobic-resistance) exercise with 20 min rest in between, 2) concurrent (aerobic- resistance) training with no rest in between, and 3) Control. Training program was performed 3 times a week for 8 weeks. Resistance exercise consisted of 6 exercises, each with 3 sets of 10 repetitions and 90 seconds of rest interval. Aerobic exercise consisted of 30 minutes of aerobic activity. Before and after the intervention, blood sampling and measurements of body composition were performed. Results showed that after 8 weeks of concurrent training levels of cholesterol, triglycerides, low-density lipoprotein, waist-hip ratio, visceral fat mass, and percent of body fat were significantly reduced; and soft lean mass in both training groups increased, significantly. However, there was no significant difference between the changes within the training groups. There were no significant changes for other measured variables and also in the control group. In conclusion we can say that the two of exercise have similar beneficial effects on body composition and lipid profile, however, Due to low blood sugar and fatigue may occur for subjects we offer training concurrent with 20-minute rest interval.
https://joeppa.sbu.ac.ir/article_98691_e9d1ad6a5c54a71c81698d774a844801.pdfShahid Beheshti UniversityJournal of Sport and Exercise Physiology2676-37107120140421The effect of static, dynamic and combination stretching on blood lactate and delayed onset muscle soreness induce of an acute plyometric exerciseThe effect of static, dynamic and combination stretching on blood lactate and delayed onset muscle soreness induce of an acute plyometric exercise9869310.48308/joeppa.2014.98693FAJournal Article20150517
Despite of injurious effects of plyometric training, it is possible to use the stretch training for attenuating of degenerative consequences of plyometric exercises. The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of static, dynamic and combined stretching on blood lactate and delayed muscle soreness immediately, 24 and 48 hours after of one acute plyometric exercise session. 46 untrained males with a mean age of 16.62±1.05 years, height 169.89±5.64 cm, weight 56.73±5.04 kg, and body mass index of 19.72±1.64 kg٫m², were randomly assigned into static, dynamic, and combined stretching groups and a non-stretching one. After completing the 7±1 minutes of stretching by traning groups, it is periscribed a plyometric exercise protocol. Blood lactate evaluated before and immediately after exercise protocol. Also, delayed muscle soreness in pre-, and 24 and 48 h after plyometric session were measured using Robinson's 10-point questionnaire. It is applied the paired t, analysis of variance and Tukey tests at a significance level of (P<0.05) for extraction of results. Although blood lactate showed a significant increases after exercise in four groups, but its elevation was significantly (P-0.02) lower in the dynamic than non-stretching group. Delayed muscle soreness significantly increased 24 and 48 hours after plyometric protocol as well. In addition, It is observed no significantly differences in muscle soreness 24 h after exercise, while it was only significantly lower (P=0.01) in dynamic group 48 h after plyometric exercise. Generally, comparing to static and combined stretch training, performing of dynamic stretching before plyometric exercise will be along with lower blood lactate accumulation and muscle soreness.
Despite of injurious effects of plyometric training, it is possible to use the stretch training for attenuating of degenerative consequences of plyometric exercises. The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of static, dynamic and combined stretching on blood lactate and delayed muscle soreness immediately, 24 and 48 hours after of one acute plyometric exercise session. 46 untrained males with a mean age of 16.62±1.05 years, height 169.89±5.64 cm, weight 56.73±5.04 kg, and body mass index of 19.72±1.64 kg٫m², were randomly assigned into static, dynamic, and combined stretching groups and a non-stretching one. After completing the 7±1 minutes of stretching by traning groups, it is periscribed a plyometric exercise protocol. Blood lactate evaluated before and immediately after exercise protocol. Also, delayed muscle soreness in pre-, and 24 and 48 h after plyometric session were measured using Robinson's 10-point questionnaire. It is applied the paired t, analysis of variance and Tukey tests at a significance level of (P<0.05) for extraction of results. Although blood lactate showed a significant increases after exercise in four groups, but its elevation was significantly (P-0.02) lower in the dynamic than non-stretching group. Delayed muscle soreness significantly increased 24 and 48 hours after plyometric protocol as well. In addition, It is observed no significantly differences in muscle soreness 24 h after exercise, while it was only significantly lower (P=0.01) in dynamic group 48 h after plyometric exercise. Generally, comparing to static and combined stretch training, performing of dynamic stretching before plyometric exercise will be along with lower blood lactate accumulation and muscle soreness.
https://joeppa.sbu.ac.ir/article_98693_99ca05c6f9529150df7a4dc65e7afeef.pdf