Shahid Beheshti UniversityJournal of Sport and Exercise Physiology2676-371015220220421The Effect of Two Weeks of High-intensity Interval Training on Salvage nucleotide pathwayThe Effect of Two Weeks of High-intensity Interval Training on Salvage nucleotide pathway1910172510.52547/joeppa.15.2.1FAAbbas Ghanbari NiakiFaculty of Sports Sciences, University of Mazandaran, Babolsar, IranRouhollah Haghshenas GatabiFaculty of Sports Sciences, University of Mazandaran, Babolsar, IranJournal Article20200801<strong>Purpose</strong>: The effects of exercise adaptation on improving the purine nucleotides components are inevitable, and physical activity improves the purine nucleotide salvage pathway. The impact of different training methods, especially the very high intensity exercise and very short bouts and short training periods is not well understood. Therefore, the present study aims to investigate the possible compatibility of high intensity interval training on hypoxanthine, xanthine, hypoxanthine-guanine phosphoribosyltransferase (HGPRT) and serum uric acid in a short-term.<br /><strong>Methods</strong>: In this semi-experimental study, eighteen healthy, untrained, male with mean and standard deviation were age 21.95 ± 2.34 years old and BMI 22.95 ± 2.84 kg/m2 eligible volunteers were randomly divided into control and training groups. The training group cycled the bicycle ergometer with maximum intensity for two weeks (three sessions per week) with 15-second repetitions and a 4-minute rest between the sets. Blood samples were collected for measuring HGPRT, hypoxanthine, xanthine and uric acid before and 48 hours after the last training session, and data were analyzed using analysis of covariance and Alpha level of 0.05.<br /><strong>Results</strong>: A significant increase was found in the levels of hypoxanthine (P = 0.001), xanthine (P = 0.001) and statistically significant reduction was found in uric acid (P = 0.02), and HGPRT enzyme was not significantly different the two groups.<br /><strong>Conclusion</strong>: The results of this study indicated that high intensity interval training causes the excretion of more purine bases such as hypoxanthine and xanthine, and reduce uric acid at rest is possibly increase antioxidant capacity.<strong>Purpose</strong>: The effects of exercise adaptation on improving the purine nucleotides components are inevitable, and physical activity improves the purine nucleotide salvage pathway. The impact of different training methods, especially the very high intensity exercise and very short bouts and short training periods is not well understood. Therefore, the present study aims to investigate the possible compatibility of high intensity interval training on hypoxanthine, xanthine, hypoxanthine-guanine phosphoribosyltransferase (HGPRT) and serum uric acid in a short-term.<br /><strong>Methods</strong>: In this semi-experimental study, eighteen healthy, untrained, male with mean and standard deviation were age 21.95 ± 2.34 years old and BMI 22.95 ± 2.84 kg/m2 eligible volunteers were randomly divided into control and training groups. The training group cycled the bicycle ergometer with maximum intensity for two weeks (three sessions per week) with 15-second repetitions and a 4-minute rest between the sets. Blood samples were collected for measuring HGPRT, hypoxanthine, xanthine and uric acid before and 48 hours after the last training session, and data were analyzed using analysis of covariance and Alpha level of 0.05.<br /><strong>Results</strong>: A significant increase was found in the levels of hypoxanthine (P = 0.001), xanthine (P = 0.001) and statistically significant reduction was found in uric acid (P = 0.02), and HGPRT enzyme was not significantly different the two groups.<br /><strong>Conclusion</strong>: The results of this study indicated that high intensity interval training causes the excretion of more purine bases such as hypoxanthine and xanthine, and reduce uric acid at rest is possibly increase antioxidant capacity.https://joeppa.sbu.ac.ir/article_101725_fcb4ddcf0292132b1f226ed1ff942fe7.pdfShahid Beheshti UniversityJournal of Sport and Exercise Physiology2676-371015220220421The effect of training on mitochondrial mitophagy factors in obese male ratsThe effect of training on mitochondrial mitophagy factors in obese male rats101910172410.52547/joeppa.15.2.10FAMozhgan AhmadiDepartment of Physical Education and Sport Sciences Yadegar-e- Imam Khomeini (RAH) Shahr-e Rey Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran0000-0002-2431-6953Neda Aghaei Bahman BeglooFaculty of Physical Education, Aliabad Katoul Branch, Islamic Azad University, Aliabad Katoul Branch, IranJournal Article20190408<strong>purpose</strong><strong>:</strong> Mitophagy can assist in mitochondrial quality control. The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of training on mitochondrial mitophagy factors in obese male rats.<br /><strong>Methods: </strong>In this experimental study, 40 male rats (weight 120 ± 20 g) after inducing obesity with high fat diet (for 10 weeks), eight rats from the high-fat diet group (O) and eight rats of the standard dietary group (C) to investigate the induction of obesity were described and other obese rats were randomly divided into three groups: obesity control (OC), moderate intensity continuous training (MICT) and high intensity interval training (HIIT). The HIIT protocol includes 10 bouts of 4-minute activity with intensity of 85-90% vo<sub>2max</sub> and 2-minute active rest periods and MICT protocols performed five sessions per week, with intensity of 65-70% VO2max for 12 weeks. Bcl2 and parkin levels were measured by gel electrophoresis and western blotting. Data were analyzed by One-way ANOVA and post hoc Tukey at P ≤ 0.05.<br /><strong>Results:</strong> The results showed that both HIIT and MICT training significantly increased bcl2 and PARKIN of Soleus muscle in comparison with the control group (P < 0.05). However, there was no significant difference between the two groups of HIIT and MICT in bcl2 and PARKIN levels of Soleus muscle in obese male rats (P > 0.05).<br /><strong>Conclusion:</strong> According to the results, it seems that HIIT and MICT can help reduce mitochondrial degradation and impairment in skeletal muscle during obesity.<strong>purpose</strong><strong>:</strong> Mitophagy can assist in mitochondrial quality control. The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of training on mitochondrial mitophagy factors in obese male rats.<br /><strong>Methods: </strong>In this experimental study, 40 male rats (weight 120 ± 20 g) after inducing obesity with high fat diet (for 10 weeks), eight rats from the high-fat diet group (O) and eight rats of the standard dietary group (C) to investigate the induction of obesity were described and other obese rats were randomly divided into three groups: obesity control (OC), moderate intensity continuous training (MICT) and high intensity interval training (HIIT). The HIIT protocol includes 10 bouts of 4-minute activity with intensity of 85-90% vo<sub>2max</sub> and 2-minute active rest periods and MICT protocols performed five sessions per week, with intensity of 65-70% VO2max for 12 weeks. Bcl2 and parkin levels were measured by gel electrophoresis and western blotting. Data were analyzed by One-way ANOVA and post hoc Tukey at P ≤ 0.05.<br /><strong>Results:</strong> The results showed that both HIIT and MICT training significantly increased bcl2 and PARKIN of Soleus muscle in comparison with the control group (P < 0.05). However, there was no significant difference between the two groups of HIIT and MICT in bcl2 and PARKIN levels of Soleus muscle in obese male rats (P > 0.05).<br /><strong>Conclusion:</strong> According to the results, it seems that HIIT and MICT can help reduce mitochondrial degradation and impairment in skeletal muscle during obesity.https://joeppa.sbu.ac.ir/article_101724_478463e8e57690882d7cbc7d95cc26e8.pdfShahid Beheshti UniversityJournal of Sport and Exercise Physiology2676-371015220220421Comparison of the effect of TRX and traditional resistance training on serum levels of some liver enzymes in inactive womenComparison of the effect of TRX and traditional resistance training on serum levels of some liver enzymes in inactive women202810172710.52547/joeppa.15.2.20FAMohsen Akbarpour BeniDepartment of Sports Science, Faculty of Literature and Humanities, University of Qom, Qom, Iran0000-0002-3565-4851Zeinab AghajaniDepartment of Sports Science, Faculty of Literature and Humanities, University of Qom, Qom, IranJournal Article20200920<strong>Purpose:</strong> The liver is one of the most sensitive tissues targeted by exercise-induced oxidative stress, and hepatic aminotransferases are critical indicators for determining liver cell damage; Therefore, the present study aimed to compare the effect of eight weeks of TRX and traditional resistance training on some liver enzymes (aspartate aminotransferase and alanine aminotransferase) in inactive women.<br /><strong>Methods: </strong>In this quasi-experimental study, 28 inactive girls with a mean age of 21.07 ± 1.41 years and a body mass index of 22.52 ± 4.25 kg/m2 were randomly divided into three groups: TRX training, traditional resistance training and control. Experimental groups conducted the traditional resistive training and TRX three sessions a week for eight weeks, While the control group did not participate in any training program during the study. Blood samples were taken from all subjects before starting protocol and 48 hours after the last training session and were used to analyze Aspartate aminotransferase (AST) and alanine aminotransferase (ALT). Data were analyzed using Kolmogorov-Smirnov test, dependent t-test and one-way analysis of variance, and the significance level was considered P < 0.05.<br /><strong>Results:</strong> The results showed that there was no significant difference in serum levels of AST and ALT enzymes from pre to posttest in TRX, traditional resistance and control groups (P > 0.05). Also, no difference between groups was observed in any of the factors (P > 0.05).<br /><strong>Conclusion:</strong> The results of the present study showed that there was no significant difference between TRX training and traditional resistance to serum levels of aspartate aminotransferase (AST) and alanine aminotransferase (ALT) in inactive women. Therefore, the effects of TRX and traditional resistance training on liver enzyme indices were the same and no difference was observed between these two types of training methods.<strong>Purpose:</strong> The liver is one of the most sensitive tissues targeted by exercise-induced oxidative stress, and hepatic aminotransferases are critical indicators for determining liver cell damage; Therefore, the present study aimed to compare the effect of eight weeks of TRX and traditional resistance training on some liver enzymes (aspartate aminotransferase and alanine aminotransferase) in inactive women.<br /><strong>Methods: </strong>In this quasi-experimental study, 28 inactive girls with a mean age of 21.07 ± 1.41 years and a body mass index of 22.52 ± 4.25 kg/m2 were randomly divided into three groups: TRX training, traditional resistance training and control. Experimental groups conducted the traditional resistive training and TRX three sessions a week for eight weeks, While the control group did not participate in any training program during the study. Blood samples were taken from all subjects before starting protocol and 48 hours after the last training session and were used to analyze Aspartate aminotransferase (AST) and alanine aminotransferase (ALT). Data were analyzed using Kolmogorov-Smirnov test, dependent t-test and one-way analysis of variance, and the significance level was considered P < 0.05.<br /><strong>Results:</strong> The results showed that there was no significant difference in serum levels of AST and ALT enzymes from pre to posttest in TRX, traditional resistance and control groups (P > 0.05). Also, no difference between groups was observed in any of the factors (P > 0.05).<br /><strong>Conclusion:</strong> The results of the present study showed that there was no significant difference between TRX training and traditional resistance to serum levels of aspartate aminotransferase (AST) and alanine aminotransferase (ALT) in inactive women. Therefore, the effects of TRX and traditional resistance training on liver enzyme indices were the same and no difference was observed between these two types of training methods.https://joeppa.sbu.ac.ir/article_101727_95bcb6006339ff35f3348bc5cec24eed.pdfShahid Beheshti UniversityJournal of Sport and Exercise Physiology2676-371015220220421Effect of 12 weeks of HIIT and Q10 supplementation on soleus muscle mitochondrial biogenesis in high-fat diet-induced obese ratsEffect of 12 weeks of HIIT and Q10 supplementation on soleus muscle mitochondrial biogenesis in high-fat diet-induced obese rats294010227210.52547/joeppa.15.2.29FAMasoud RafatiDepartment of Sports Science, Tabriz Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tabriz, IranJabbar BashiriDepartment of Sports Science, Tabriz Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tabriz, IranRoghayeh Poozesh JadidiDepartment of Sport Sciences, Tabriz branch, Islamic Azad University, Tabriz, Iran0000-0001-8056-8293Hassan PourraziDepartment of Sports Science, Faculty of Social Sciences, Imam Khomeini International University, Qazvin, IranJournal Article20201107<strong>Purpose</strong>: little is known about the concomitant effects of HIIT and Q10 supplementation in modification of the mitochondorial biogenesis and function in obesity conditions. The aim of this study was to investigate the concomitant effects of HIIT and Q10 supplementation on soleus muscle mitochondorial content as well as NRF2, SIRT-1 and Tfam levels in obese male rarts.<br /><strong>Methods</strong>: 48 rats randomized into six groups of lean, obese reference, obese control, obese+HIIT, obese+Q10 and obese concomitant (HIIT+Q10). Obesity was induced by high fat diet and HIIT) were done for 12 weeks (five sessions/week, with 10 intrval bouts for four min at 85-90% of v VO2 peak each session), while Q10 was consumed 500 mg/kg.bw daily. Data were measuered using western blot and Mitotrackervmethods and were analyzed by one-way ANOVA.<br /><strong>Results</strong>: Mitochondorial content (P = 0.049) as well as NRF2 (P = 0.002), SIRT-1 (P = 0.007) and Tfam (P = 0.040) levels were significantly lower in obese control than lean group. Mitochondorial content and SIRT-1 levels of three intervention groups of obese+HIIT (P = 0.001), obese+Q10 (P = 0.001) and obese concomitant (P = 0.001) were significantly higher than obese control group and even could precede lean group values (with exception for mitochondorial content in obese+Q10 group (P = 0.001)). Moreover, only in both groups of obese+HIIT ( P= 0.033), and obese concomitant (P = 0.038), NRF2 levels were significantly higher compared to obese control group. However, in none of the intervention groups the Tfam levels had significant differences compared to obese control group (P > 0.05 in all three cases).<br /><strong>Conclusion</strong><strong>s</strong>: Obesity likely suppresses soleus muscle mitochondorial biogenesis, or at least increases the removal rate of pre-existing mitochondria. However, HIIT as well as Q10 supplementation seems to partially capable to restore this down regulation, with a greater effects expected for HIIT. However, more investigations remain to be done due to lack of similar evidence and study limitations.<strong>Purpose</strong>: little is known about the concomitant effects of HIIT and Q10 supplementation in modification of the mitochondorial biogenesis and function in obesity conditions. The aim of this study was to investigate the concomitant effects of HIIT and Q10 supplementation on soleus muscle mitochondorial content as well as NRF2, SIRT-1 and Tfam levels in obese male rarts.<br /><strong>Methods</strong>: 48 rats randomized into six groups of lean, obese reference, obese control, obese+HIIT, obese+Q10 and obese concomitant (HIIT+Q10). Obesity was induced by high fat diet and HIIT) were done for 12 weeks (five sessions/week, with 10 intrval bouts for four min at 85-90% of v VO2 peak each session), while Q10 was consumed 500 mg/kg.bw daily. Data were measuered using western blot and Mitotrackervmethods and were analyzed by one-way ANOVA.<br /><strong>Results</strong>: Mitochondorial content (P = 0.049) as well as NRF2 (P = 0.002), SIRT-1 (P = 0.007) and Tfam (P = 0.040) levels were significantly lower in obese control than lean group. Mitochondorial content and SIRT-1 levels of three intervention groups of obese+HIIT (P = 0.001), obese+Q10 (P = 0.001) and obese concomitant (P = 0.001) were significantly higher than obese control group and even could precede lean group values (with exception for mitochondorial content in obese+Q10 group (P = 0.001)). Moreover, only in both groups of obese+HIIT ( P= 0.033), and obese concomitant (P = 0.038), NRF2 levels were significantly higher compared to obese control group. However, in none of the intervention groups the Tfam levels had significant differences compared to obese control group (P > 0.05 in all three cases).<br /><strong>Conclusion</strong><strong>s</strong>: Obesity likely suppresses soleus muscle mitochondorial biogenesis, or at least increases the removal rate of pre-existing mitochondria. However, HIIT as well as Q10 supplementation seems to partially capable to restore this down regulation, with a greater effects expected for HIIT. However, more investigations remain to be done due to lack of similar evidence and study limitations.https://joeppa.sbu.ac.ir/article_102272_0543773ffd1ba47d696fa64daa495056.pdfShahid Beheshti UniversityJournal of Sport and Exercise Physiology2676-371015220220421Evaluation of intermittent protocol at incremental laboratory test in measuring physiological indices of soccer playersEvaluation of intermittent protocol at incremental laboratory test in measuring physiological indices of soccer players415110227110.52547/joeppa.15.2.41FAAtta Bahreini NejadFaculty of Physical Education and Sports Sciences, Shahid Bahonar University of Kerman, Kerman, IranِDariush MoflahiFaculty of Physical Education and Sports Sciences, Shahid Bahonar University of Kerman, Kerman, IranMehdi AbbaspourFaculty of Physical Education and Sports Sciences, Shahid Bahonar University of Kerman, Kerman, IranJournal Article20200329<strong>Purpose</strong>: Due to the intervals' nature of soccer, the aim of this study was to evaluate intermittent protocol of incremental laboratory test in measuring the physiological parameters of soccer players.<br /><strong>Methods</strong>: Eighteen young soccer players (Mean ± SD; age 16.78 ± 0.78 years, weight 61.33 ± 9.44 kg, height 177 ± 6.75 Cm) voluntarily participated into two incremental laboratory tests (continuous and intermittent protocol) on the HP Cosmos Treadmill with 48-hour interval and then Bangesbo field test was performed. The subjects' cardiopulmonary parameters were measured by gas analyzer, metalyzer3b model, and blood lactate before and after the tests with lactometer Scout model. Statistical analysis was performed by ANOVA Repeated Measure, paired t-test and Pearson correlation coefficient at the significant level P ≤ 0.05.<br /><strong>Results</strong>: There was no significant difference between the physiological factors of continuous and intermittent tests, but there was a significant difference between the distance at continuous and intermittent tests (P = 0.031). There was a significant positive relationship between the performance of the Bangesbo test with the maximum oxygen consumption (r = 0.64, P= 0.011) and distance (r = 0.62, P = 0.018) of the intermittent test.<br /><strong>Conclusion</strong>: The significant positive correlation between the maximum oxygen consumption of the intermittent test and the performance of the Bangesbo test, Higher distance in intermittent test and significant positive correlation between performance of Bangesbo test and distance of intermittent incremental test; It may be explained by the similarity of the intermittent test to the interval component of the playing soccer and this observing suggest to consider component of athlete's activity when defining the incremental test.<strong>Purpose</strong>: Due to the intervals' nature of soccer, the aim of this study was to evaluate intermittent protocol of incremental laboratory test in measuring the physiological parameters of soccer players.<br /><strong>Methods</strong>: Eighteen young soccer players (Mean ± SD; age 16.78 ± 0.78 years, weight 61.33 ± 9.44 kg, height 177 ± 6.75 Cm) voluntarily participated into two incremental laboratory tests (continuous and intermittent protocol) on the HP Cosmos Treadmill with 48-hour interval and then Bangesbo field test was performed. The subjects' cardiopulmonary parameters were measured by gas analyzer, metalyzer3b model, and blood lactate before and after the tests with lactometer Scout model. Statistical analysis was performed by ANOVA Repeated Measure, paired t-test and Pearson correlation coefficient at the significant level P ≤ 0.05.<br /><strong>Results</strong>: There was no significant difference between the physiological factors of continuous and intermittent tests, but there was a significant difference between the distance at continuous and intermittent tests (P = 0.031). There was a significant positive relationship between the performance of the Bangesbo test with the maximum oxygen consumption (r = 0.64, P= 0.011) and distance (r = 0.62, P = 0.018) of the intermittent test.<br /><strong>Conclusion</strong>: The significant positive correlation between the maximum oxygen consumption of the intermittent test and the performance of the Bangesbo test, Higher distance in intermittent test and significant positive correlation between performance of Bangesbo test and distance of intermittent incremental test; It may be explained by the similarity of the intermittent test to the interval component of the playing soccer and this observing suggest to consider component of athlete's activity when defining the incremental test.https://joeppa.sbu.ac.ir/article_102271_056352ea353b72500ec57a0e094af0f5.pdfShahid Beheshti UniversityJournal of Sport and Exercise Physiology2676-371015220220421Acute Effect of Single Bout Aerobic exercise with and without Blood Flow Restriction on Hemodynamic and Coagulation Indicators in Hypertension DiseaseAcute Effect of Single Bout Aerobic exercise with and without Blood Flow Restriction on Hemodynamic and Coagulation Indicators in Hypertension Disease526310227410.52547/joeppa.15.2.52FAZahra Karimi AhmadabadiDepartment of Sports Science, Faculty of Educational Sciences and Psychology, Shiraz University, Shiraz, IranJavad NematiDepartment of Sports Science, Faculty of Educational Sciences and Psychology, Shiraz University, Shiraz, IranSeyed Hesamuddin MousaviniaDepartment of Sports Science, Faculty of Educational Sciences and Psychology, Shiraz University, Shiraz, IranRasoul RezaeiDepartment of Sports Science, Faculty of Educational Sciences and Psychology, Shiraz University, Shiraz, Iran0000-0001-5136-3694Journal Article20210111<strong>Purpose</strong>: Depending on the intensity and duration of activity, aerobic exercise leads to changes in hemodynamic factors and the hemostatic system in hypertensive patients, which can be expected to change if blood flow is restricted during exercise. Therefore, the purpose of the present study was to investigate the response of some hemodynamic and coagulation indicators to aerobic exercise with and without blood flow restriction in hypertensive patients.<br /><strong>Methods</strong>: 10 hypertensive patients participated in two sessions of aerobic exercise (five bouts, two minutes of exercise at a speed of four km / h /one minute of inactive recovery) with and without blood flow restriction in a cross-over design. Blood pressure was measured before, immediately, five, 10, 15, 30 and 60 minutes after exercise. Platelet counts, Prothrombin Time and activated Partial Thromboplastin Time were taken before, immediately, 30 minutes and 24 hours after exercise. Heart rate and rate of perceived exertion were also measured at different times of exercise.<br /><strong>Results</strong>: The effect of time was significant on all measured factors (P < 0.001) except platelet counts (P = 0.055), while the time-condition interaction was non-significant on other factors (P > 0.05) except heart rate (P = 0.011).<br /><strong>Conclusion</strong>: Based on the results, blood flow restriction increased hemodynamic factors and decreased clotting time in hypertensive patients, but the differences between aerobic exercise with and without blood flow restriction were not significant, so it seems that exercise with limited blood flow does not pose an additional risk on the cardiovascular system and coagulation factors of middle-aged people with hypertension.<strong>Purpose</strong>: Depending on the intensity and duration of activity, aerobic exercise leads to changes in hemodynamic factors and the hemostatic system in hypertensive patients, which can be expected to change if blood flow is restricted during exercise. Therefore, the purpose of the present study was to investigate the response of some hemodynamic and coagulation indicators to aerobic exercise with and without blood flow restriction in hypertensive patients.<br /><strong>Methods</strong>: 10 hypertensive patients participated in two sessions of aerobic exercise (five bouts, two minutes of exercise at a speed of four km / h /one minute of inactive recovery) with and without blood flow restriction in a cross-over design. Blood pressure was measured before, immediately, five, 10, 15, 30 and 60 minutes after exercise. Platelet counts, Prothrombin Time and activated Partial Thromboplastin Time were taken before, immediately, 30 minutes and 24 hours after exercise. Heart rate and rate of perceived exertion were also measured at different times of exercise.<br /><strong>Results</strong>: The effect of time was significant on all measured factors (P < 0.001) except platelet counts (P = 0.055), while the time-condition interaction was non-significant on other factors (P > 0.05) except heart rate (P = 0.011).<br /><strong>Conclusion</strong>: Based on the results, blood flow restriction increased hemodynamic factors and decreased clotting time in hypertensive patients, but the differences between aerobic exercise with and without blood flow restriction were not significant, so it seems that exercise with limited blood flow does not pose an additional risk on the cardiovascular system and coagulation factors of middle-aged people with hypertension.https://joeppa.sbu.ac.ir/article_102274_958077ad9f6118adcfb890568b00a6fd.pdfShahid Beheshti UniversityJournal of Sport and Exercise Physiology2676-371015220220421The effect of combined training on serum concentrations of inflammatory cytokines and factors associated with metabolic syndrome in elderly women with fatty liverThe effect of combined training on serum concentrations of inflammatory cytokines and factors associated with metabolic syndrome in elderly women with fatty liver647510227310.52547/joeppa.15.2.64FAMasoumeh NorouzpourDepartment of Exercise Physiology, Faculty of Physical Education, University of Isfahan, Isfahan, IranSeyed Mohammad MarandiDepartment of Exercise Physiology, Faculty of Physical Education, University of Isfahan, Isfahan, IranMohsen GhanbarzadehDepartment of Sports Physiology, Faculty of Sports Sciences, Shahid Chamran University of Ahvaz, Ahvaz, IranAbbas Ali Zare MayavanInternal Medicine (MD), Mahshahr, IranJournal Article20210107<strong>Purpose</strong>: Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is strongly associated with altered levels of inflammatory cytokines and increased metabolic abnormalities. In this study, the effect of combined training on serum concentrations of proinflammatory cytokines interleukin 18 (IL18), anti-inflammatory interleukin 10 (IL10) and metabolic syndrome-related factors in elderly women with fatty liver was investigated.<br /><strong>Methods</strong>: twenty-four elderly women with NAFLD were selected purposively and were randomly divided into training (n = 12) and control (n = 12) groups. Combined training was performed for ten weeks. Using ZellBio kit, IL18 and IL10 levels were measured by ELISA and fatty liver levels by ultrasound procedure. Blood and anthropometric factors were measured as well. Statistical analysis was performed using paired samples t-test and Wilcoxon, covariance and Spearman correlation procedures.<br /><strong>Results</strong>: Decreased and increased serum concentrations of interleukin 18 (P = 0.00) and interleukin 10 (P = 0.00) were observed in the training group compared to the control group, respectively. Also, weight, waist circumference (P = 0.00) and metabolic markers including triglyceride (TG) (P = 0.00), insulin resistance index (HOMA-IR) (P = 0.01), liver fat (P = 0.00), aspartate aminotransferase (AST) (P = 0.04) and glucose (P = 0.00) levels were significantly reduced. Moreover, there was no significant difference between insulin (P = 0.11) and alanine aminotransferase (ALT) (P = 0.07) levels.<br /><strong>Conclusion</strong>: Combined training can improve the levels of inflammatory cytokines and reduce metabolic risk factors associated with non-alcoholic fatty liver and play an effective role in the health of the elderly by augmenting anti-inflammatory effects.<strong>Purpose</strong>: Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is strongly associated with altered levels of inflammatory cytokines and increased metabolic abnormalities. In this study, the effect of combined training on serum concentrations of proinflammatory cytokines interleukin 18 (IL18), anti-inflammatory interleukin 10 (IL10) and metabolic syndrome-related factors in elderly women with fatty liver was investigated.<br /><strong>Methods</strong>: twenty-four elderly women with NAFLD were selected purposively and were randomly divided into training (n = 12) and control (n = 12) groups. Combined training was performed for ten weeks. Using ZellBio kit, IL18 and IL10 levels were measured by ELISA and fatty liver levels by ultrasound procedure. Blood and anthropometric factors were measured as well. Statistical analysis was performed using paired samples t-test and Wilcoxon, covariance and Spearman correlation procedures.<br /><strong>Results</strong>: Decreased and increased serum concentrations of interleukin 18 (P = 0.00) and interleukin 10 (P = 0.00) were observed in the training group compared to the control group, respectively. Also, weight, waist circumference (P = 0.00) and metabolic markers including triglyceride (TG) (P = 0.00), insulin resistance index (HOMA-IR) (P = 0.01), liver fat (P = 0.00), aspartate aminotransferase (AST) (P = 0.04) and glucose (P = 0.00) levels were significantly reduced. Moreover, there was no significant difference between insulin (P = 0.11) and alanine aminotransferase (ALT) (P = 0.07) levels.<br /><strong>Conclusion</strong>: Combined training can improve the levels of inflammatory cytokines and reduce metabolic risk factors associated with non-alcoholic fatty liver and play an effective role in the health of the elderly by augmenting anti-inflammatory effects.https://joeppa.sbu.ac.ir/article_102273_874f1e65146dddd0697c6a6bf8351c6b.pdfShahid Beheshti UniversityJournal of Sport and Exercise Physiology2676-371015220220421The effect of differential and traditional training methods on electromyographic changes of lower body muscles in performing and learning crawl swimmingThe effect of differential and traditional training methods on electromyographic changes of lower body muscles in performing and learning crawl swimming768310227510.52547/joeppa.15.2.76FARaha NikraveshDepartment of Motor Behavior, Central Tehran Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran0000-0002-6630-7616Seyed Kazem Mousavi SadatiDepartment of Motor Behavior.East Tehran Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran0000-0003-4922-0541Jaleh BagherliDepartment of Motor Behavior.Islamic Azad University, Karaj Branch, Karaj, Iran0000-0002-1360-6525Mohammad Ali AslankhaniDepartment of Motor Behavior.Faculty of Physical Education and Sport Sciences, Shahid Beheshti University, Tehran, Iran0000-0002-6779-5640Journal Article20210610<strong>Purpose</strong>: Making changes and fluctuations in the training components compared to repetitive training can lead to more motor learning based on the principles of system self-organization. The aim of the present study was to investigate the effect of differential and traditional training methods on electromyographic changes of lower body muscles in performing and learning crawl swimming.<br /><strong>Methods</strong>: In this study, 36 swimmers aged 20 to 25 years who had no experience in swimming training were selected as a sample and randomly divided into three groups of control, traditional exercises and differential exercises. Experiments of experimental groups in 12 sessions, during which,they learned to do breaststroke in a traditional and differential way. Before and after 12 training sessions, the mean Muscle activity based on root mean square index (RMS) and the mean time of activity of the muscles of the right thigh, anterior buttock and internal twins of the swimmers were measured.<br /><strong>Results</strong>: Based on the results of Bon Ferroni test, the mean RMS of Rectus femoris, Biceps femoris (P = 0.001), tibialis Anterior (P = 0.04) and Gastrocnemius (P = 0.005) of swimmers of the differential group is significantly larger than the control group in the post-test. This difference between differential and traditional group is also significant (P ≤ 0.05). But there is no significant difference between the control and traditional group (P > 0.05). In the post-test, only the activity time average of Rectus femoris in the differential group is larger than the traditional group (P = 0.046). The activity time average of tibialis Anterior muscle in both training groups are larger than the control group in post-test (P < 0.05), but there is no significant difference between differential and traditional training groups (P > 0.05). The activity time average of Gastrocnemius in the differential (P = 0.001) and traditional (P = 0.041) groups are significantly larger than the control group, but this difference between the differential training group and traditional training group is not significant (P > 0/05). Also, the activity time average of biceps femoris muscle in the differential training group is higher than the control group (P = 0.001), but there is no difference between the differential and traditional groups and also the traditional and control groups (P < 0.05).<br /><strong>Conclusion</strong>: The results of the present study indicate that differential exercises are more effective than traditional exercises in learning crawl swimming.<strong>Purpose</strong>: Making changes and fluctuations in the training components compared to repetitive training can lead to more motor learning based on the principles of system self-organization. The aim of the present study was to investigate the effect of differential and traditional training methods on electromyographic changes of lower body muscles in performing and learning crawl swimming.<br /><strong>Methods</strong>: In this study, 36 swimmers aged 20 to 25 years who had no experience in swimming training were selected as a sample and randomly divided into three groups of control, traditional exercises and differential exercises. Experiments of experimental groups in 12 sessions, during which,they learned to do breaststroke in a traditional and differential way. Before and after 12 training sessions, the mean Muscle activity based on root mean square index (RMS) and the mean time of activity of the muscles of the right thigh, anterior buttock and internal twins of the swimmers were measured.<br /><strong>Results</strong>: Based on the results of Bon Ferroni test, the mean RMS of Rectus femoris, Biceps femoris (P = 0.001), tibialis Anterior (P = 0.04) and Gastrocnemius (P = 0.005) of swimmers of the differential group is significantly larger than the control group in the post-test. This difference between differential and traditional group is also significant (P ≤ 0.05). But there is no significant difference between the control and traditional group (P > 0.05). In the post-test, only the activity time average of Rectus femoris in the differential group is larger than the traditional group (P = 0.046). The activity time average of tibialis Anterior muscle in both training groups are larger than the control group in post-test (P < 0.05), but there is no significant difference between differential and traditional training groups (P > 0.05). The activity time average of Gastrocnemius in the differential (P = 0.001) and traditional (P = 0.041) groups are significantly larger than the control group, but this difference between the differential training group and traditional training group is not significant (P > 0/05). Also, the activity time average of biceps femoris muscle in the differential training group is higher than the control group (P = 0.001), but there is no difference between the differential and traditional groups and also the traditional and control groups (P < 0.05).<br /><strong>Conclusion</strong>: The results of the present study indicate that differential exercises are more effective than traditional exercises in learning crawl swimming.https://joeppa.sbu.ac.ir/article_102275_89de3e8188421585b4d8ce7cfc8ead8b.pdfShahid Beheshti UniversityJournal of Sport and Exercise Physiology2676-371015220220421The effects of eight weeks circuit resistance training on some endothelial markers, blood pressure and lipid profiles in pre-hypertensive obese womenThe effects of eight weeks circuit resistance training on some endothelial markers, blood pressure and lipid profiles in pre-hypertensive obese women849410172610.52547/joeppa.15.2.84FAHengameh MoradianDepartment of physical education. Kermanshah branch, Islamic Azad University, Kermanshah, Iran0000-0001-7285-429XSedigheh Hosseinpour DelavarDepartment of physical education. Kermanshah branch, Islamic Azad University, Kermanshah, Iran0000000285891337Ali ZabetDepartment of physical education, Kangavar branch, Islamic Azad University, Kangavar, IranJournal Article20210823<strong>Purpose</strong>: Endothelial dysfunction is the fastest symptom of vascular dysfunction in obese individuals also the onset of pre-hypertension development and along with lipid profiles can lead to dangerous cardiovascular diseases. The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of eight weeks circuit resistance training (CRT) on some endothelial markers, blood pressure and lipid profiles in pre-hypertensive obese women.<br /><strong>Methods</strong>: For this purpose, 24 pre-hypertensive obese women (age 44.73 ± 4.43 years, body max index 32.39 ± 3.8kg/m<sup>2</sup>, systolic blood pressure 13.21 ± 0.61 and diastolic 8.65 ± 0.33 mmHg) were randomly assigned to CRT and Control groups. CRT group performed circuit resistance training for eight weeks, three sessions per week and each session was 50 to 60 minutes. Resistance movements performs in the form of three circles and nine stations, including four upper body movements (chest press, lateral pull down, seated cable row, biceps cable curl) and three lower body movements (leg press, seated leg extension, leg curl), and two core-body movements (crunch and back extension) with 12-15 repetitions, which according to the recommendations of the American Heart Association was 40% 1RM for upper body and 60% 1RM for lower body movements. Control group didn’t have any training activities during the intervention. Blood pressure, anthropometric measurements and blood samples were collected 48 hours before the intervention and 48 hours after the last training session.<br /><strong>Results</strong>: The results showed that eight weeks of circuit resistance training can significantly reduce body fat percentage (P = 0.005), waist to hip ratio (P = 0.043), systolic (P = 0.001) and diastolic (P = 0.002) blood pressure and triglycerides (P = 0.043) and significantly increase nitric oxide levels (P= 0.008).<br /><strong>Conclusion</strong>: It seems that eight weeks of CRT can decrease blood pressure by decline some lipid profile and also increase in nitric oxide levels by increase in capillary network in active muscles, and vascular flexibility.<strong>Purpose</strong>: Endothelial dysfunction is the fastest symptom of vascular dysfunction in obese individuals also the onset of pre-hypertension development and along with lipid profiles can lead to dangerous cardiovascular diseases. The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of eight weeks circuit resistance training (CRT) on some endothelial markers, blood pressure and lipid profiles in pre-hypertensive obese women.<br /><strong>Methods</strong>: For this purpose, 24 pre-hypertensive obese women (age 44.73 ± 4.43 years, body max index 32.39 ± 3.8kg/m<sup>2</sup>, systolic blood pressure 13.21 ± 0.61 and diastolic 8.65 ± 0.33 mmHg) were randomly assigned to CRT and Control groups. CRT group performed circuit resistance training for eight weeks, three sessions per week and each session was 50 to 60 minutes. Resistance movements performs in the form of three circles and nine stations, including four upper body movements (chest press, lateral pull down, seated cable row, biceps cable curl) and three lower body movements (leg press, seated leg extension, leg curl), and two core-body movements (crunch and back extension) with 12-15 repetitions, which according to the recommendations of the American Heart Association was 40% 1RM for upper body and 60% 1RM for lower body movements. Control group didn’t have any training activities during the intervention. Blood pressure, anthropometric measurements and blood samples were collected 48 hours before the intervention and 48 hours after the last training session.<br /><strong>Results</strong>: The results showed that eight weeks of circuit resistance training can significantly reduce body fat percentage (P = 0.005), waist to hip ratio (P = 0.043), systolic (P = 0.001) and diastolic (P = 0.002) blood pressure and triglycerides (P = 0.043) and significantly increase nitric oxide levels (P= 0.008).<br /><strong>Conclusion</strong>: It seems that eight weeks of CRT can decrease blood pressure by decline some lipid profile and also increase in nitric oxide levels by increase in capillary network in active muscles, and vascular flexibility.https://joeppa.sbu.ac.ir/article_101726_9249ef63c4852188b16e62a973212d90.pdfShahid Beheshti UniversityJournal of Sport and Exercise Physiology2676-371015220220421The effect of eight weeks of high-intensity interval training vs. continuous training on serum Irisin levels and expression of skeletal muscle PGC-1α gene in male rats with metabolic syndromeThe effect of eight weeks of high-intensity interval training vs. continuous training on serum Irisin levels and expression of skeletal muscle PGC-1α gene in male rats with metabolic syndrome9510310227610.52547/joeppa.15.2.95FAZohreh Borhani KakhkiDepartment of Physical Education, Farhangian University, Tehran, IranSheila NaibifarDepartment of Sports Science, Faculty of Educational Sciences and Psychology, Sistan and Baluchestan University, Zahedan, Iran0000-0003-1840-0689Hossein NakhaeiDepartment of Physical Education, School of Medicine, Zahedan University of Medical Sciences, Zahedan, IranElham GhasemiDepartment of Sport Sciences, Faculty of Literature and Humanities, University of Zabol, Zabol, Sistan & Baluchestan, Iran0000-0001-8643-486XJournal Article20210822<strong>Purpose</strong>: An imbalance in the production of PGC-1α and myokines impairs the energy expenditure, increases adipocyte and develops metabolic pathologies, but physical exercise is able to regulate the secretion of myokines through PGC-1α. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of eight weeks of high-intensity interval training vs. continuous training on serum Irisin levels and expression of skeletal muscle PGC-1α gene in male rats with metabolic syndrome<br /><strong>Methods</strong>: 32 Wistar male rats, with six weeks’ age and weight 150-180 gr, randomly divided into two groups including standard diet (n=8) and high fat diet (n=24). They were then placed on a pre-exercise diet for 12 weeks. 24 rats from high fat diet group were divided randomly into two groups including metabolic syndrome control (Ctr+MS), continuous running (CT-MS) and Interval running (IT-MS). Continuous and interval training for eight weeks were performed on 65-75 and 80-100% of the maximum speed on the treadmill for mice, respectively. The ELISA method for measuring serum Irisin levels and real-time PCR method for expression of PGC-1α gene were used. The data were analyzed by one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA), Tukey's post-hoc test and Pearson correlation at P < 0.05 level.<br /><strong>Results</strong>: After eight weeks of interval and continuous training, PGC-1α expression (P = 0.01 and P= 0.001) and serum levels of Irisin (P = 0.01 and P= 0.001) increased compared to the metabolic syndrome control group, and this increase was more evident in the interval group than the continuous group (P = 0.001). Muscle expression of PGC-1α was also positively correlated with serum Irisin levels in mice (P = 0.001, r = 0.8).<br /><strong>Conclusion</strong>: It seems that the use of interval exercises can increase the expression of PGC-1α gene and Irisin as much as continuous exercise and possibly improve metabolic disorders in people with metabolic syndrome.<strong>Purpose</strong>: An imbalance in the production of PGC-1α and myokines impairs the energy expenditure, increases adipocyte and develops metabolic pathologies, but physical exercise is able to regulate the secretion of myokines through PGC-1α. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of eight weeks of high-intensity interval training vs. continuous training on serum Irisin levels and expression of skeletal muscle PGC-1α gene in male rats with metabolic syndrome<br /><strong>Methods</strong>: 32 Wistar male rats, with six weeks’ age and weight 150-180 gr, randomly divided into two groups including standard diet (n=8) and high fat diet (n=24). They were then placed on a pre-exercise diet for 12 weeks. 24 rats from high fat diet group were divided randomly into two groups including metabolic syndrome control (Ctr+MS), continuous running (CT-MS) and Interval running (IT-MS). Continuous and interval training for eight weeks were performed on 65-75 and 80-100% of the maximum speed on the treadmill for mice, respectively. The ELISA method for measuring serum Irisin levels and real-time PCR method for expression of PGC-1α gene were used. The data were analyzed by one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA), Tukey's post-hoc test and Pearson correlation at P < 0.05 level.<br /><strong>Results</strong>: After eight weeks of interval and continuous training, PGC-1α expression (P = 0.01 and P= 0.001) and serum levels of Irisin (P = 0.01 and P= 0.001) increased compared to the metabolic syndrome control group, and this increase was more evident in the interval group than the continuous group (P = 0.001). Muscle expression of PGC-1α was also positively correlated with serum Irisin levels in mice (P = 0.001, r = 0.8).<br /><strong>Conclusion</strong>: It seems that the use of interval exercises can increase the expression of PGC-1α gene and Irisin as much as continuous exercise and possibly improve metabolic disorders in people with metabolic syndrome.https://joeppa.sbu.ac.ir/article_102276_e4c5039108c3d12cb6877dd0a154ce3d.pdf