Shahid Beheshti University Journal of Sport and Exercise Physiology 2676-3710 17 4 2024 11 21 The effect of eight weeks of high-intensity interval training on Castelli 1 and 2 and atherogenic markers in inactive obese and normal weight women The effect of eight weeks of high-intensity interval training on Castelli 1 and 2 and atherogenic markers in inactive obese and normal weight women 1 14 104911 10.48308/joeppa.2024.236660.1290 FA Vahid Sari-Sarraf Department of Exercise Physiology, Faculty of Physical Education and Sport Sciences, University of Tabriz, Tabriz, Iran 0000-0001-8452-7966 Javad Vakili Department of Exercise Physiology, Faculty of Physical Education and Sport Sciences, University of Tabriz, Tabriz, Iran Marjan Fakhri Kaleybar Department of Exercise Physiology, Faculty of Physical Education and Sport Sciences, University of Tabriz, Tabriz, Iran 0009-0008-7286-1690 Journal Article 2024 08 29 Background and Purpose: Obesity is associated with cardiovascular diseases, and middle-aged women are more prone to obesity. Some new lipid composition indices have been identified to predict the risk of cardiovascular diseases. Therefore, the aim of the present study was to investigate the effect of eight weeks of high-intensity interval training (HIIT) on lipid profile as risk factors for cardiovascular diseases in inactive middle-aged obese and normal weight women. Materials and Methods: Twenty-four women aged 30 to 45, healthy, inactive, with normal weight (NG) and obese (OG) were allocated into two experimental groups (n=12) in a semi-experimental design. After two weeks of preparation training, subjects in both groups performed eight weeks of HIIT, consisted of 3 sessions per week of body weight movements at 8 stations for 20 seconds activity followed by 10 seconds rest at each station. The number of training rounds was 4 to 7 rounds, which was increased every two weeks and performed at an intensity corresponsding to 90% HRmax. Blood samples were taken before and 48 hours after the last training session, after 12 hours of fasting on days 14 to 16 of menstruation. Body composition characteristics (Height, weight, body mass index, body fat percentage, body fat mass) and blood lipids (to determine the Castelli risk indices 1 and 2 and plasma atherogenic index, atherogenic index) were measured. Analysis of variance with repeated measures was employed to compare the variables between two groups at a significance level of P < 0.05. Results: Eight weeks of high-intensity interval training caused a significant decrease in body mass index, body fat percentage and body fat mass in both groups (P<0.05). Also, the ratio of waist to hip circumference (WHR) in NG was significantly decreased (P<0.05), whereas, this reduction in OG was not significant (P>0.05). Castelli risk index-II was significantly decreased in OG group(P<0.05), while, there were no significant changes in plasma atherogenic variables, atherogenic and Castelli risk index-I (P>0.05). In the NG group, there significant reductions in weight, body mass index, body fat percentage, body fat mass, Castelli risk indices 1 and 2, plasma atherogenic index, and atherogenic index were found when post-training data were compared to the pre-training (P<0.05). Conclusion: High-intensity interval training, despite low training volume, may be beneficial in improving lipid risk indices in middle-aged women. It reduces the risk of cardiovascular diseases and could be used as a non-pharmacological method to reduce blood lipids and cardiovascular risks. Background and Purpose: Obesity is associated with cardiovascular diseases, and middle-aged women are more prone to obesity. Some new lipid composition indices have been identified to predict the risk of cardiovascular diseases. Therefore, the aim of the present study was to investigate the effect of eight weeks of high-intensity interval training (HIIT) on lipid profile as risk factors for cardiovascular diseases in inactive middle-aged obese and normal weight women. Materials and Methods: Twenty-four women aged 30 to 45, healthy, inactive, with normal weight (NG) and obese (OG) were allocated into two experimental groups (n=12) in a semi-experimental design. After two weeks of preparation training, subjects in both groups performed eight weeks of HIIT, consisted of 3 sessions per week of body weight movements at 8 stations for 20 seconds activity followed by 10 seconds rest at each station. The number of training rounds was 4 to 7 rounds, which was increased every two weeks and performed at an intensity corresponsding to 90% HRmax. Blood samples were taken before and 48 hours after the last training session, after 12 hours of fasting on days 14 to 16 of menstruation. Body composition characteristics (Height, weight, body mass index, body fat percentage, body fat mass) and blood lipids (to determine the Castelli risk indices 1 and 2 and plasma atherogenic index, atherogenic index) were measured. Analysis of variance with repeated measures was employed to compare the variables between two groups at a significance level of P < 0.05. Results: Eight weeks of high-intensity interval training caused a significant decrease in body mass index, body fat percentage and body fat mass in both groups (P<0.05). Also, the ratio of waist to hip circumference (WHR) in NG was significantly decreased (P<0.05), whereas, this reduction in OG was not significant (P>0.05). Castelli risk index-II was significantly decreased in OG group(P<0.05), while, there were no significant changes in plasma atherogenic variables, atherogenic and Castelli risk index-I (P>0.05). In the NG group, there significant reductions in weight, body mass index, body fat percentage, body fat mass, Castelli risk indices 1 and 2, plasma atherogenic index, and atherogenic index were found when post-training data were compared to the pre-training (P<0.05). Conclusion: High-intensity interval training, despite low training volume, may be beneficial in improving lipid risk indices in middle-aged women. It reduces the risk of cardiovascular diseases and could be used as a non-pharmacological method to reduce blood lipids and cardiovascular risks.

https://joeppa.sbu.ac.ir/article_104911_938b5bea510f483f7cf57b79e7cc028b.pdf

Shahid Beheshti University Journal of Sport and Exercise Physiology 2676-3710 17 4 2024 10 22 The effect of quercetin supplementation on the responses of sirtuin-1, brain-derived neurotrophic factor and insulin-like growth factor-1 to high intensity interval exercise and continuous exercise in female athletes The effect of quercetin supplementation on the responses of sirtuin-1, brain-derived neurotrophic factor and insulin-like growth factor-1 to high intensity interval exercise and continuous exercise in female athletes 15 33 104811 10.48308/joeppa.2024.236069.1269 FA Elham Ghasemi Department of Sport Sciences, Faculty of Literature and Humanities, University of Zabol, Zabol, Iran 0000-0001-8643-486X Shila Nayebifar Department of Sport Sciences, Faculty of Educational Sciences and Psychology, University of Sistan and Baluchestan, Zahedan, Iran 0000-0003-1840-0689 Journal Article 2024 06 19 Background and Purpose: Nowadays, physical exercise and using the food supplements containing flavonoids are considered as the main drivers of positive regulation of nerve growth factors and improvement of neuromuscular function. Quercetin is one of the plant flavonoids that crosses the blood-brain barrier and plays an effective role in improving brain health. The aim of this research was to investigate the effect of quercetin supplementation on the responses of sirtuin-1 (SIRT-1), brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) and insulin-like growth factor-1 (IGF-1) to high intensity interval exercise and continuous exercise in female athletes. Materials and Methods: This is a semi-experimental, double-blind, applied research with a pre-and post-test design. Forty female athletes from Zabol University with sports experience between one and three years (Mean±SD; age, 21.3±61.0 years; body mass index, 21.79±3.12 kg/m2) were selected and randomly divided into equal groups (n=10) including: 1) high intensity interval exercise + quercetin, 2) continuous exercise + quercetin, 3) high intensity interval exercise + placebo and 4) continuous exercise + placebo. At the beginning and at the end of 14 days, the participants performed a session of continuous exercise (at 60% of VO2max) and an interval exercise (4 intervals of 4 minutes activity at 90% of VO2max followed by 3 minutes recovery) and during these 14 days, the supplement and placebo groups consumed two 500 mg capsules of either quercetin or dextrose daily. Fasting blood sampls were collected at four stages, before and immediately after the first and second acute exercise (prior to and at the end of 14 days of supplementation, respectively) and analysed for measuring SIRT-1, BDNF and IGF-1 by using ELISAtechnique. Statistical analyses of the data were performed using the analysis of variance with repeated measures and Bonferroni post-hoc test. Results: After high intensity interval and continuous exercises SIRT-1, BDNF, and IGF-1 increased significantly (P<0.001). After 14 days of quercetin consumption, the responses of SIRT-1, BDNF, and IGF-1 to acute high intensity interval and continuous exercises increased significantly (P<0.01). However, no significant differences were observed between the responses of SIRT-1 (P=0.14), BDNF (P=0.32) and IGF-1 (P=0.16) to high intensity interval and continuous exercises. Conclusion: It seems that short-term quercetin supplementation increases the baseline levels and responses of SIRT-1, BDNF and IGF-1 indices to high intensity interval and continuous exercises in female athletes, and probably stimulate nerve growth and improve neuromuscular function, though, two types of high-intensity interval and continuous exercises did not make a difference in the response of these variables, which requires further study in this field. Background and Purpose: Nowadays, physical exercise and using the food supplements containing flavonoids are considered as the main drivers of positive regulation of nerve growth factors and improvement of neuromuscular function. Quercetin is one of the plant flavonoids that crosses the blood-brain barrier and plays an effective role in improving brain health. The aim of this research was to investigate the effect of quercetin supplementation on the responses of sirtuin-1 (SIRT-1), brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) and insulin-like growth factor-1 (IGF-1) to high intensity interval exercise and continuous exercise in female athletes. Materials and Methods: This is a semi-experimental, double-blind, applied research with a pre-and post-test design. Forty female athletes from Zabol University with sports experience between one and three years (Mean±SD; age, 21.3±61.0 years; body mass index, 21.79±3.12 kg/m2) were selected and randomly divided into equal groups (n=10) including: 1) high intensity interval exercise + quercetin, 2) continuous exercise + quercetin, 3) high intensity interval exercise + placebo and 4) continuous exercise + placebo. At the beginning and at the end of 14 days, the participants performed a session of continuous exercise (at 60% of VO2max) and an interval exercise (4 intervals of 4 minutes activity at 90% of VO2max followed by 3 minutes recovery) and during these 14 days, the supplement and placebo groups consumed two 500 mg capsules of either quercetin or dextrose daily. Fasting blood sampls were collected at four stages, before and immediately after the first and second acute exercise (prior to and at the end of 14 days of supplementation, respectively) and analysed for measuring SIRT-1, BDNF and IGF-1 by using ELISAtechnique. Statistical analyses of the data were performed using the analysis of variance with repeated measures and Bonferroni post-hoc test. Results: After high intensity interval and continuous exercises SIRT-1, BDNF, and IGF-1 increased significantly (P<0.001). After 14 days of quercetin consumption, the responses of SIRT-1, BDNF, and IGF-1 to acute high intensity interval and continuous exercises increased significantly (P<0.01). However, no significant differences were observed between the responses of SIRT-1 (P=0.14), BDNF (P=0.32) and IGF-1 (P=0.16) to high intensity interval and continuous exercises. Conclusion: It seems that short-term quercetin supplementation increases the baseline levels and responses of SIRT-1, BDNF and IGF-1 indices to high intensity interval and continuous exercises in female athletes, and probably stimulate nerve growth and improve neuromuscular function, though, two types of high-intensity interval and continuous exercises did not make a difference in the response of these variables, which requires further study in this field.

https://joeppa.sbu.ac.ir/article_104811_4aba8aa56729be3ad542e4fd7c1e1b12.pdf

Shahid Beheshti University Journal of Sport and Exercise Physiology 2676-3710 17 4 2024 10 22 The effect of cold water immersion after eccentric exercise on antioxidant and oxidative markers in the skeletal muscle of male rats The effect of cold water immersion after eccentric exercise on antioxidant and oxidative markers in the skeletal muscle of male rats 34 55 104909 10.48308/joeppa.2024.236871.1296 FA Farzaneh Abolfathi Department of Sport Physiology, Faculty of Sport Sciences, Shahid Chamran University of Ahvaz, Ahvaz, Iran 0009-0000-9521-9475 Rouhollah Ranjbar Department of Sport Physiology, Faculty of Sport Sciences, Shahid Chamran University of Ahvaz, Ahvaz, Iran 0000-0001-9091-8613 Mohammad Reza Tabandeh Department of Basic Sciences, Division of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Shahid Chamran University of Ahvaz, Ahvaz, Iran 0000-0003-3258-8550 Abdolhamid Habibi Department of Sport Physiology, Faculty of Sport Sciences, Shahid Chamran University of Ahvaz, Ahvaz, Iran 0000-0003-3407-2574 Journal Article Background and Purpose: The balance between antioxidant and oxidative systems in skeletal muscle is crucial for maintaining both health and sports performance. Cold water immersion (CWI) as a recovery method may help in improving the performance of these systems and reduce the damage caused by oxidative stress. This study aimed to investigate the effect of cold water immersion after eccentric exercise (ECC) on antioxidant and oxidant indices in the skeletal muscle of rats. Materials and Methods: Twenty-five male Wistar rats (12 weeks old; weight, 230±5 g) were randomly divided into control, Eccentric + PR (passive recovery), Eccentric + CWI, Eccentric + NWI (normal water immersion), and Eccentric + AR (active recovery) groups. The Eccentric exercise consisted of 90 min of downhill running on a treadmill with a speed of 16 m/min and -16° incline. For an active recovery, after eccentric exercise, rats ran on a treadmill for 10 min at a speed of 12 m/min on a flat surface. For the normal water immersion and cold water immersion protocols, after eccentric exercise the entire body of rats (excluding the head of animals) was immersed in plastic containers containing normal water at 25°C or cold water at 10°C for 10 minutes. One day after eccentric exercise, the animals were euthanized by peritoneal injection of ketamine + xylazine (10+100mg/kg) and their soleus muscles were removed under sterile conditions and transferred into a -70 °C freezer. Results: Eccentric + Passive recovery significantly (p<0.05) reduced antioxidant indices including total antioxidant capacity (TAC), glutathione peroxidase (GPX), glutathione reductase (GR), and glutathione (GSH) compared to the control group. It also caused a significant (p<0.05) increase in oxidant indices including total oxidant status (TOS), oxidative stress index (OSI), and oxidized glutathione (GSSG). There was no significant differences between recovery methods after eccentric exercise (cold water immersion, normal water immersion, active recovery) in terms of antioxidant levels (GPX, glutathione S-transferase (GST), and GR) and oxidant levels (GSSG and glutathione ratio reduced to oxidized (GSH/GSSG)) compared to passive recovery (p>0.05). Despite this, cold water immersion significantly (p<0.05) increased antioxidant indices (GSH and TAC) and decreased oxidant indices (TOS and OSI) compared to passive recovery. Conclusion: The results of this study demonstrated that eccentric exercise has a significant negative impact on the antioxidant and oxidative status of skeletal muscle and cold water immersion reduced oxidative stress and improved antioxidant status after eccentric exercise. Background and Purpose: The balance between antioxidant and oxidative systems in skeletal muscle is crucial for maintaining both health and sports performance. Cold water immersion (CWI) as a recovery method may help in improving the performance of these systems and reduce the damage caused by oxidative stress. This study aimed to investigate the effect of cold water immersion after eccentric exercise (ECC) on antioxidant and oxidant indices in the skeletal muscle of rats. Materials and Methods: Twenty-five male Wistar rats (12 weeks old; weight, 230±5 g) were randomly divided into control, Eccentric + PR (passive recovery), Eccentric + CWI, Eccentric + NWI (normal water immersion), and Eccentric + AR (active recovery) groups. The Eccentric exercise consisted of 90 min of downhill running on a treadmill with a speed of 16 m/min and -16° incline. For an active recovery, after eccentric exercise, rats ran on a treadmill for 10 min at a speed of 12 m/min on a flat surface. For the normal water immersion and cold water immersion protocols, after eccentric exercise the entire body of rats (excluding the head of animals) was immersed in plastic containers containing normal water at 25°C or cold water at 10°C for 10 minutes. One day after eccentric exercise, the animals were euthanized by peritoneal injection of ketamine + xylazine (10+100mg/kg) and their soleus muscles were removed under sterile conditions and transferred into a -70 °C freezer. Results: Eccentric + Passive recovery significantly (p<0.05) reduced antioxidant indices including total antioxidant capacity (TAC), glutathione peroxidase (GPX), glutathione reductase (GR), and glutathione (GSH) compared to the control group. It also caused a significant (p<0.05) increase in oxidant indices including total oxidant status (TOS), oxidative stress index (OSI), and oxidized glutathione (GSSG). There was no significant differences between recovery methods after eccentric exercise (cold water immersion, normal water immersion, active recovery) in terms of antioxidant levels (GPX, glutathione S-transferase (GST), and GR) and oxidant levels (GSSG and glutathione ratio reduced to oxidized (GSH/GSSG)) compared to passive recovery (p>0.05). Despite this, cold water immersion significantly (p<0.05) increased antioxidant indices (GSH and TAC) and decreased oxidant indices (TOS and OSI) compared to passive recovery. Conclusion: The results of this study demonstrated that eccentric exercise has a significant negative impact on the antioxidant and oxidative status of skeletal muscle and cold water immersion reduced oxidative stress and improved antioxidant status after eccentric exercise.

https://joeppa.sbu.ac.ir/article_104909_a6ce1314e1cb7d206fab738c044fc15f.pdf

Shahid Beheshti University Journal of Sport and Exercise Physiology 2676-3710 17 4 2024 10 22 The effect of high-fat diet and different training programs on the expression of Meteorin- Like hormone and Angiopoietin-like protein 4 genes in adipose tissue of male Wistar rats The effect of high-fat diet and different training programs on the expression of Meteorin- Like hormone and Angiopoietin-like protein 4 genes in adipose tissue of male Wistar rats 56 70 104893 10.48308/joeppa.2024.236094.1271 FA Sara Asghari Department of Physical Education, Bojnourd Branch, Islamic Azad University, Bojnourd, Iran 0000-0002-6515-5789 Sadegh Cheragh-Birjandi Department of Physical Education, Bojnourd Branch, Islamic Azad University, Bojnourd, Iran 0000-0001-6898-6804 Najmeh Rezaeian Department of Physical Education, Bojnourd Branch, Islamic Azad University, Bojnourd, Iran 0000-0003-0400-0297 Vahid Rezaei Department of Physical Education, Bojnourd Branch, Islamic Azad University, Bojnourd, Iran 0000-0001-8530-7359 Journal Article 2024 06 22 Background and Purpose: Meteorin-like hormone (Metrnl) and Angiopoietin-like protein 4 (ANGPTL4) are effective proteins in fat tissue browning. The aim of the present study was to investigate the effect of high-fat diet and subsequent training on the factors involved in the browning of adipose tissue in male rats. Materials and Methods: Thirty healthy male Wistar rats were fed high-fat diet (HFD) and another six were fed normal diet (ND) for eight weeks. After eight weeks, six mice fed a HFD and six mice fed a ND were sacrificed and compared. The remaining 24 obese mice were divided into four groups of six including control (C), resistance training (RT), endurance training (ET) and aerobic interval training (AIT) and trained five times a week for eight weeks. Real Time-PCR method was used to measure the gene expression of Metrnl and ANGPTL4. One-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) and Tukey's post hoc test were used to determine between-group differences at a significance level of p<0.05. Results: A significant increase in Metrnl gene expression was observed in the resistance, endurance and aerobic interval training groups compared to the control group (p=0.001) and a significant decrease in the adipose tissue of male mice in the HFD group compared to the ND group (p = 0.001). Moreover, a significant decrease in the expression of ANGPTL4 gene was found in the resistance, endurance, and aerobic interval training groups compared to the control group (p=0.001) and a significant increase in its expression in the fat tissue of male mice in the HFD group compared to the ND group (p = 0.001). No significant differences for both Metrnl and ANGPTL4 were observed between training groups (p> 0.05). Conclusion: According to the results of the present study, it seems that resistance, endurance and aerobic interval training with increasing Metrnl and decreasing ANGPTL4 are effective in increasing brown fat tissue and reducing disorders related to overweight and obesity. Background and Purpose: Meteorin-like hormone (Metrnl) and Angiopoietin-like protein 4 (ANGPTL4) are effective proteins in fat tissue browning. The aim of the present study was to investigate the effect of high-fat diet and subsequent training on the factors involved in the browning of adipose tissue in male rats. Materials and Methods: Thirty healthy male Wistar rats were fed high-fat diet (HFD) and another six were fed normal diet (ND) for eight weeks. After eight weeks, six mice fed a HFD and six mice fed a ND were sacrificed and compared. The remaining 24 obese mice were divided into four groups of six including control (C), resistance training (RT), endurance training (ET) and aerobic interval training (AIT) and trained five times a week for eight weeks. Real Time-PCR method was used to measure the gene expression of Metrnl and ANGPTL4. One-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) and Tukey's post hoc test were used to determine between-group differences at a significance level of p<0.05. Results: A significant increase in Metrnl gene expression was observed in the resistance, endurance and aerobic interval training groups compared to the control group (p=0.001) and a significant decrease in the adipose tissue of male mice in the HFD group compared to the ND group (p = 0.001). Moreover, a significant decrease in the expression of ANGPTL4 gene was found in the resistance, endurance, and aerobic interval training groups compared to the control group (p=0.001) and a significant increase in its expression in the fat tissue of male mice in the HFD group compared to the ND group (p = 0.001). No significant differences for both Metrnl and ANGPTL4 were observed between training groups (p> 0.05). Conclusion: According to the results of the present study, it seems that resistance, endurance and aerobic interval training with increasing Metrnl and decreasing ANGPTL4 are effective in increasing brown fat tissue and reducing disorders related to overweight and obesity.

https://joeppa.sbu.ac.ir/article_104893_09cb01ead0eef42670a1488254bcc89c.pdf

Shahid Beheshti University Journal of Sport and Exercise Physiology 2676-3710 17 4 2024 10 22 Effects of diet plus liraglutide and exercise training on body composition and weight maintenance in obese women Effects of diet plus liraglutide and exercise training on body composition and weight maintenance in obese women 71 84 104886 10.48308/joeppa.2024.236167.1274 FA Arezoo Rezaee Department of Sport Sciences, Faculty of Humanities, Semnan University, Semnan, Iran 0009-0001-0769-0943 Hakimeh Akbari Department of Sport Sciences, Faculty of Humanities, Semnan University, Semnan, Iran 0000-0001-7219-1596 Journal Article 2024 07 03 Background and Purpose: Obesity is a complex metabolic disorder characterized by an imbalance in energy hemostasis and abnormal increases of adipose tissue. Obesity is directly related to cardiovascular risk factors, including dyslipidemia, type 2 diabetes, and hypertension. Body weight loss can significantly reduce the risk of developing obesity-related complications. However, long-term maintanance of weight loss is difficult. This study aimed at comparing the effect of diet along with liraglutide drug injection and exercise training on weight loss, body composition, weight loss and maintenance in obese women. Material and Methods: For this purepose, 234 women with BMI>30 kg/m2 and average age of 34±9 years old were divided into four groups: diet (n=75), exercise+diet (n=48), liraglutide+diet (n=56), and liraglutide+exercise+diet (n=55). Body composition and anthropometric variables were measured before and after 12 weeks intervention. All groups had a low-calorie diet (caloric deficit of 500-600 kcal daily). Two groups of exercise training with and without liraglutide performed combined exercises (180-220 minutes of aerobic training plus two days of resistance training per week). In two liraglutide groups, the medicine was administered by subcutaneous injection. The initial dose was 0.6 mg daily and increased to 1.2 mg in the second week, and 1.8 mg in the third week until the twelfth week. Body composition variables were measured before, and after 12 weeks period. The subjects' weight was measured one year after the start of the intervention. Data were analyzed using variance analysis with repeated measurements at a significant level (P < 0.05) with SPSS26 statistical software. Results: Within-group comparisons showed that there is a significant difference between the pre- and post-test measurements for all variables (p<0.01). Moreover, between-group comparisons revealed significant differences among the study groups for weight, BMI, waist circumference and WHtR (p<0.05). The follow-up test showed more weight loss in the groups of liraglutide (-6.7 kg), liraglutide and exercise training (-8.7 kg) and exercise training (-6.5 kg) compared to diet (-3.8 kg). Weight measurement after one year showed that the trend of weight loss continued in the exercise training (-4.13 kg), liraglutide +exercise training (-2.22 kg) and diet (-2.73 kg) groups, whereas, in the liraglutide group there was a weight maintenance with no significant changes. Waist circumference decreased by 8 and 7 cm in the exercise training+liraglutide, and exercise training groups, respectively, and by 5 cm in the diet+liraglutide groups. Conclusion: Physical activity, diet and liraglutide injection led to weight loss and reductions in body mass index. The combination of modified lifestyle and drug injection enhanced long-term maintanance ofweight loss. Background and Purpose: Obesity is a complex metabolic disorder characterized by an imbalance in energy hemostasis and abnormal increases of adipose tissue. Obesity is directly related to cardiovascular risk factors, including dyslipidemia, type 2 diabetes, and hypertension. Body weight loss can significantly reduce the risk of developing obesity-related complications. However, long-term maintanance of weight loss is difficult. This study aimed at comparing the effect of diet along with liraglutide drug injection and exercise training on weight loss, body composition, weight loss and maintenance in obese women. Material and Methods: For this purepose, 234 women with BMI>30 kg/m2 and average age of 34±9 years old were divided into four groups: diet (n=75), exercise+diet (n=48), liraglutide+diet (n=56), and liraglutide+exercise+diet (n=55). Body composition and anthropometric variables were measured before and after 12 weeks intervention. All groups had a low-calorie diet (caloric deficit of 500-600 kcal daily). Two groups of exercise training with and without liraglutide performed combined exercises (180-220 minutes of aerobic training plus two days of resistance training per week). In two liraglutide groups, the medicine was administered by subcutaneous injection. The initial dose was 0.6 mg daily and increased to 1.2 mg in the second week, and 1.8 mg in the third week until the twelfth week. Body composition variables were measured before, and after 12 weeks period. The subjects' weight was measured one year after the start of the intervention. Data were analyzed using variance analysis with repeated measurements at a significant level (P < 0.05) with SPSS26 statistical software. Results: Within-group comparisons showed that there is a significant difference between the pre- and post-test measurements for all variables (p<0.01). Moreover, between-group comparisons revealed significant differences among the study groups for weight, BMI, waist circumference and WHtR (p<0.05). The follow-up test showed more weight loss in the groups of liraglutide (-6.7 kg), liraglutide and exercise training (-8.7 kg) and exercise training (-6.5 kg) compared to diet (-3.8 kg). Weight measurement after one year showed that the trend of weight loss continued in the exercise training (-4.13 kg), liraglutide +exercise training (-2.22 kg) and diet (-2.73 kg) groups, whereas, in the liraglutide group there was a weight maintenance with no significant changes. Waist circumference decreased by 8 and 7 cm in the exercise training+liraglutide, and exercise training groups, respectively, and by 5 cm in the diet+liraglutide groups. Conclusion: Physical activity, diet and liraglutide injection led to weight loss and reductions in body mass index. The combination of modified lifestyle and drug injection enhanced long-term maintanance ofweight loss.

https://joeppa.sbu.ac.ir/article_104886_bc614c9cfe76c23b22bcb79ca3fd7fc3.pdf

Shahid Beheshti University Journal of Sport and Exercise Physiology 2676-3710 17 4 2024 10 22 The effect of Gymnema Sylvestre supplement on the signaling pathway involved in the oxidative stress of liver tissue in ype 2 diabetic mice following aerobic training The effect of Gymnema Sylvestre supplement on the signaling pathway involved in the oxidative stress of liver tissue in ype 2 diabetic mice following aerobic training 85 100 104841 10.48308/joeppa.2024.236344.1276 FA Reza Hassanizadeh Department of Physical Education and Sport Sciences, Isfahan (Khorasgan) Branch, Islamic Azad University, Isfahan, Iran 0009-0005-8554-211x Khosro Jalali Dehkordi Department of Physical Education and Sport Sciences, Isfahan (Khorasgan) Branch, Islamic Azad University, Isfahan, Iran 0000-0003-0210-5984 Farzaneh Taghian Department of Physical Education and Sport Sciences, Isfahan (Khorasgan) Branch, Islamic Azad University, Isfahan, Iran 0000-0001-9531-2952 Journal Article 2024 07 20 Background and Purpose: Liver disease is one of the main causes of death in diabetic patients. Type 2 diabetes is one of the most common chronic metabolic diseases and its prevalence is increasing rapidly all over the world. Liver is one of the most important organs that control blood glucose levels. Although the favorable role of Gymnema sylvester supplement and aerobic training has been reported in diabetic patients, the effect of Gymnema sylvester supplement and aerobic training on liver tissue is not well known. Therefore, the purpose of this research is the effect of Gymnema sylvester supplement on the signaling pathway involved in the oxidative stress of liver tissue in type 2 diabetic mice following aerobic training. Materials and Methods: In this experimental research, 32 male C57BL/6 mice were randomly divided into 4 groups of eight including diabetes group and aerobic training, diabetes group and gymnema sylvester supplement, diabetes group and aerobic training with gymnema sylvester supplement and diabetes control group. Diabetic groups were made diabetic by high-fat diet for 20 weeks. Gymnema sylvester supplement groups were gavaged with 100 mg/kg daily for six weeks. Aerobic training groups performed exercise at a speed of 10 m/min on a treadmill for six weeks and five training sessions per week. Serum concentration of SOD and MDA by ELISA method and expression of Nrf2/Keap1 (nuclear factor erythroid 2–related factor 2/ Kelch-like ECH-associated protein 1) genes was measured by RT-PCR method. The data were analyzed by using SPSS and one-way analysis of variance, and Bonferroni's post-hoc test. The significance level was considered p≤0.05. Results: Statistical analyses showed that six weeks of taking gymnema sylvester supplement, aerobic training and aerobic training with gymnema sylvester supplement caused a significant decrease in MDA and the expression of the Keap1 gene and a significant increase in SOD and the expression of the Nrf2 gene in the liver tissue (p<0.05). The greatest changes occurred in the diabetes group + aerobic training and gymnema sylvester supplement compared to diabetic control group (p<0.05). However, there were no significant differences between diabetic group and aerobic training group and gymnema supplement group (p<0.05). Conclusion: Gymnema Sylvester supplement and aerobic training improved blood variables through reducing MDA and increasing SOD, as well as improving the signaling pathway involved in oxidative stress in liver tissue by increasing the expression of the Nrf2 gene and decreasing the expression of the Keap1 gene in type 2 diabetic mice. Background and Purpose: Liver disease is one of the main causes of death in diabetic patients. Type 2 diabetes is one of the most common chronic metabolic diseases and its prevalence is increasing rapidly all over the world. Liver is one of the most important organs that control blood glucose levels. Although the favorable role of Gymnema sylvester supplement and aerobic training has been reported in diabetic patients, the effect of Gymnema sylvester supplement and aerobic training on liver tissue is not well known. Therefore, the purpose of this research is the effect of Gymnema sylvester supplement on the signaling pathway involved in the oxidative stress of liver tissue in type 2 diabetic mice following aerobic training. Materials and Methods: In this experimental research, 32 male C57BL/6 mice were randomly divided into 4 groups of eight including diabetes group and aerobic training, diabetes group and gymnema sylvester supplement, diabetes group and aerobic training with gymnema sylvester supplement and diabetes control group. Diabetic groups were made diabetic by high-fat diet for 20 weeks. Gymnema sylvester supplement groups were gavaged with 100 mg/kg daily for six weeks. Aerobic training groups performed exercise at a speed of 10 m/min on a treadmill for six weeks and five training sessions per week. Serum concentration of SOD and MDA by ELISA method and expression of Nrf2/Keap1 (nuclear factor erythroid 2–related factor 2/ Kelch-like ECH-associated protein 1) genes was measured by RT-PCR method. The data were analyzed by using SPSS and one-way analysis of variance, and Bonferroni's post-hoc test. The significance level was considered p≤0.05. Results: Statistical analyses showed that six weeks of taking gymnema sylvester supplement, aerobic training and aerobic training with gymnema sylvester supplement caused a significant decrease in MDA and the expression of the Keap1 gene and a significant increase in SOD and the expression of the Nrf2 gene in the liver tissue (p<0.05). The greatest changes occurred in the diabetes group + aerobic training and gymnema sylvester supplement compared to diabetic control group (p<0.05). However, there were no significant differences between diabetic group and aerobic training group and gymnema supplement group (p<0.05). Conclusion: Gymnema Sylvester supplement and aerobic training improved blood variables through reducing MDA and increasing SOD, as well as improving the signaling pathway involved in oxidative stress in liver tissue by increasing the expression of the Nrf2 gene and decreasing the expression of the Keap1 gene in type 2 diabetic mice.

https://joeppa.sbu.ac.ir/article_104841_95b622c18e98531c84d5fc6f543ec1d7.pdf

Shahid Beheshti University Journal of Sport and Exercise Physiology 2676-3710 17 4 2024 10 22 Comparison of the effects of 8 weeks of resistance training with and without blood flow restriction on hypoxia-inducible factor 1α and vascular endothelial growth factor in sedentary men with pre-hypertension Comparison of the effects of 8 weeks of resistance training with and without blood flow restriction on hypoxia-inducible factor 1α and vascular endothelial growth factor in sedentary men with pre-hypertension 101 114 104842 10.48308/joeppa.2024.236368.1280 FA Ali Yari Department of Exercise Physiology, Kermanshah Branch, Islamic Azad University, Kermanshah, Iran 0009-0007-1206-5185 Sedigheh Hossein Pour Delavar Department of Exercise Physiology, Kermanshah Branch, Islamic Azad University, Kermanshah, Iran 0000-0002-8589-1337 Ali Zabet Department of Exercise Physiology, Kangavar branch, Islamic Azad University, Kangavar, Iran 0000-0002-2240-6074 Journal Article 2024 07 24 Background and Purpose: Prehypertension is a major public health concern and independently increases the risk of hypertension and subsequent cardiovascular events. Prehypertension is one of the most significant risk factors for the development of atherosclerosis, heart failure, stroke, and renal failure in many countries. Therefore, in the present study attempts are made to investigate the effects of eight weeks of resistance/blood flow restriction training and traditional resistance training on hypoxia-inducible factor 1α (HIF-1) and vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) levels in sedentary men with prehypertension. Materials and Methods: In the present study, 36 young sedentary men with prehypertension (age, 39.5 ± 5.26 years; weight, 78.66 ± 2.43 kg; height, 176.91 ± 4.29 cm) volunteered to participate in the study. They were randomly assigned to one of three groups: control group (low-intensity resistance training without blood flow restriction), a low-intensity resistance training group with blood flow restriction, and a traditional resistance training group (high-intensity resistance training without blood flow restriction). The training programs were carried out over an eight-week period, three sessions per week. The control group performed resistance exercises at 30% of one-repetition maximum (1RM) without blood flow restriction, while the low-intensity resistance training group with blood flow restriction performed training at 30% of 1RM and traditional resistance training group performed exercises at 75% of 1RM. Forty eight hours before and after the training systolic and diastolic blood pressure were measured using a sphygmomanometer, and plasma levels of VEGF and HIF-1α were measured by using the ELISA method. A pneumatic cuff was employed to induce blood flow restriction. Data were analyzed using SPSS software, version 24. Within- and between-group comparisons were done using dependent t-test and analysis of covariance (ANCOVA) with Bonferroni post-hoc tests for post-hoc comparisons. Results: A significant increase in VEGF (p = 0.001) and HIF-1α (p = 0.001) plasma levels was observed, along with a significant reduction in systolic blood pressure (p = 0.001) and diastolic blood pressure (p = 0.001) in both experimental groups compared to the control group. Conclusion: The findings suggest that resistance training with blood flow restriction produces effects comparable to traditional resistance training. Therefore, it can be concluded that resistance training with and without blood flow restriction are safe and effective strategies that can benefit patients with prehypertension. Background and Purpose: Prehypertension is a major public health concern and independently increases the risk of hypertension and subsequent cardiovascular events. Prehypertension is one of the most significant risk factors for the development of atherosclerosis, heart failure, stroke, and renal failure in many countries. Therefore, in the present study attempts are made to investigate the effects of eight weeks of resistance/blood flow restriction training and traditional resistance training on hypoxia-inducible factor 1α (HIF-1) and vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) levels in sedentary men with prehypertension. Materials and Methods: In the present study, 36 young sedentary men with prehypertension (age, 39.5 ± 5.26 years; weight, 78.66 ± 2.43 kg; height, 176.91 ± 4.29 cm) volunteered to participate in the study. They were randomly assigned to one of three groups: control group (low-intensity resistance training without blood flow restriction), a low-intensity resistance training group with blood flow restriction, and a traditional resistance training group (high-intensity resistance training without blood flow restriction). The training programs were carried out over an eight-week period, three sessions per week. The control group performed resistance exercises at 30% of one-repetition maximum (1RM) without blood flow restriction, while the low-intensity resistance training group with blood flow restriction performed training at 30% of 1RM and traditional resistance training group performed exercises at 75% of 1RM. Forty eight hours before and after the training systolic and diastolic blood pressure were measured using a sphygmomanometer, and plasma levels of VEGF and HIF-1α were measured by using the ELISA method. A pneumatic cuff was employed to induce blood flow restriction. Data were analyzed using SPSS software, version 24. Within- and between-group comparisons were done using dependent t-test and analysis of covariance (ANCOVA) with Bonferroni post-hoc tests for post-hoc comparisons. Results: A significant increase in VEGF (p = 0.001) and HIF-1α (p = 0.001) plasma levels was observed, along with a significant reduction in systolic blood pressure (p = 0.001) and diastolic blood pressure (p = 0.001) in both experimental groups compared to the control group. Conclusion: The findings suggest that resistance training with blood flow restriction produces effects comparable to traditional resistance training. Therefore, it can be concluded that resistance training with and without blood flow restriction are safe and effective strategies that can benefit patients with prehypertension.

https://joeppa.sbu.ac.ir/article_104842_ff5f16833b733e570e4ada2dd3fb9688.pdf

Shahid Beheshti University Journal of Sport and Exercise Physiology 2676-3710 17 4 2024 10 22 Bioinformatic analysis of gene networks and transcriptional pathway analysis of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) in response to exercise training Bioinformatic analysis of gene networks and transcriptional pathway analysis of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) in response to exercise training 115 138 105005 10.48308/joeppa.2024.236599.1288 FA Zahra Asheghi Department of Sport Sciences,University of Isfahan, Isfahan,Iran 0009-0007-0089-7857 Sayed Mohammad Marandi Department of Sport Sciences,University of Isfahan, Isfahan,Iran 0000-0003-3877-870X Journal Article 2024 08 14 Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is one of the most common causes of liver dysfunction, and its prevalence has increased significantly. Based on the research conducted, physical activity while increasing the expression of proteins such as peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor alpha (PPARα) with increasing energy consumption causes a decrease in the accumulation of fat in the liver and thus affects NAFLD. The goal of the present study is to identify critical genes and key pathways associated with NAFLD, and to analyze the gene networks involved in this disease, alongside the impact of exercise on these pathways. Furthermore, bioinformatics analyses have been conducted to clarify the interactions between these genes and pathways. We determined the pathways by using the analyzed transcriptional data and hub genes involved in NAFLD-related pathways. Network cluster analysis confirmed the result of Gene ontology (GO) and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) analysis. The discovered genes are fatty acid synthase (FASN), acyl-CoA oxidase 1 (ACOX1), Sterol regulatory element-binding transcription factor 1 (SREBF1-c), PPARα, which are involved in the processes of pathogenesis or resistance to NAFLD. The results of this study provide a list of hub genes, important pathways and new insights for the future development of NAFLD treatment and elucidate the underlying mechanism of liver response to exercise. Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is one of the most common causes of liver dysfunction, and its prevalence has increased significantly. Based on the research conducted, physical activity while increasing the expression of proteins such as peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor alpha (PPARα) with increasing energy consumption causes a decrease in the accumulation of fat in the liver and thus affects NAFLD. The goal of the present study is to identify critical genes and key pathways associated with NAFLD, and to analyze the gene networks involved in this disease, alongside the impact of exercise on these pathways. Furthermore, bioinformatics analyses have been conducted to clarify the interactions between these genes and pathways. We determined the pathways by using the analyzed transcriptional data and hub genes involved in NAFLD-related pathways. Network cluster analysis confirmed the result of Gene ontology (GO) and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) analysis. The discovered genes are fatty acid synthase (FASN), acyl-CoA oxidase 1 (ACOX1), Sterol regulatory element-binding transcription factor 1 (SREBF1-c), PPARα, which are involved in the processes of pathogenesis or resistance to NAFLD. The results of this study provide a list of hub genes, important pathways and new insights for the future development of NAFLD treatment and elucidate the underlying mechanism of liver response to exercise.

https://joeppa.sbu.ac.ir/article_105005_8f20d1ed304d673e52c9bd08a722c289.pdf