Shahid Beheshti UniversityJournal of Sport and Exercise Physiology2676-371018320250923The effects of high-intensity interval training on the content of mitophagy proteins in visceral adipose tissue of type 2 diabetic ratsThe effects of high-intensity interval training on the content of mitophagy proteins in visceral adipose tissue of type 2 diabetic rats11710556610.48308/joeppa.2025.238528.1334FAHadiGolpasandiDepartment of Exercise Physiology, Faculty of Humanities and Social Sciences, University of Kurdistan, Sanandaj, Iran0000-0002-3499-7369Mohammad RahmanRahimiDepartment of Exercise Physiology, Faculty of Humanities and Social Sciences, University of Kurdistan, Sanandaj, Iran0000-0002-4302-1472ShadiGolpasandiDepartment of Kinesiology and Sport Management, Texas A&M University, USA0000-0002-6365-8948MobinaKhosraviDepartment of Exercise Physiology, Faculty of Humanities and Social Sciences, University of Kurdistan, Sanandaj, Iran0009-0005-6404-7056Journal Article20250126<strong>Background and Purpose:</strong> Type 2 diabetes is a common metabolic disorder characterized by elevated blood glucose levels and impaired mitochondrial function. Reduced mitochondrial efficiency in this disease leads to a decline in the mitophagy process, which in turn contributes to the progression of diabetes complications, including insulin resistance and metabolic disorders. Mitophagy, which involves the degradation and recycling of damaged mitochondria, is essential for maintaining cellular health. Parkin, PTEN-induced kinase 1 (PINK-1), and Optineurin (OPTN) are among the key markers of this process. Therefore, identifying strategies to enhance mitophagy in type 2 diabetes may help improve mitochondrial function and mitigate disease complications. One such strategy is exercise, which has been shown to have positive effects on metabolic health and mitochondrial function. This study aimed to investigate the effect of a high-intensity interval training (HIIT) regimen on the content of mitophagy-related proteins, including Parkin, PINK-1, and OPTN, in the visceral adipose tissue of rats with type 2 diabetes.<br /><strong>Materials and Methods: </strong>In this experimental study, 24 male rats were divided into three groups: healthy control (HC), diabetic control (DC), and diabetic + HIIT exercise (D+HIIT). Type 2 diabetes was induced in the rats through streptozotocin (STZ) injection combined with a high-fat diet (HFD). The exercise group underwent eight weeks of HIIT. The intensity of the HIIT sessions was set at 85–90% of the rats' maximum running speed, while the low-intensity recovery intervals were performed at 50–60% of maximum speed. At the end of the HIIT intervention, visceral adipose tissue was extracted from each group, and the protein content of mitophagy markers, including Parkin, PINK-1, and OPTN, were measured using the Western blot technique.<br /><strong>Results:</strong> The results of this study showed that type 2 diabetes led to a significant reduction in the levels of Parkin (33%), PINK-1 (41%), and OPTN (46%) in the DC group compared to the HC group (p<0.001). However, in the D+HIIT group, HIIT exercise significantly increased these protein levels compared to the DC group, with Parkin, PINK-1, and OPTN levels increasing by 117.91%, 103.39%, and 536.36%, respectively (p<0.001). Additionally, HIIT exercise in the D+HIIT group resulted in a significant reductions in fasting glucose levels and the HOMA-IR index (p<0.001).<br /><strong>Conclusion:</strong> The results of this study indicate that HIIT has significant effects on the restoration of mitophagy-related proteins and the improvement of metabolic indices in visceral adipose tissue in an animal model of type 2 diabetes. These findings highlight the importance of exercise, particularly HIIT, in enhancing mitochondrial function and promoting cellular processes. However, given the animal-based nature of this study, extrapolating the results to patients with type 2 diabetes requires further investigation in human studies.<strong>Background and Purpose:</strong> Type 2 diabetes is a common metabolic disorder characterized by elevated blood glucose levels and impaired mitochondrial function. Reduced mitochondrial efficiency in this disease leads to a decline in the mitophagy process, which in turn contributes to the progression of diabetes complications, including insulin resistance and metabolic disorders. Mitophagy, which involves the degradation and recycling of damaged mitochondria, is essential for maintaining cellular health. Parkin, PTEN-induced kinase 1 (PINK-1), and Optineurin (OPTN) are among the key markers of this process. Therefore, identifying strategies to enhance mitophagy in type 2 diabetes may help improve mitochondrial function and mitigate disease complications. One such strategy is exercise, which has been shown to have positive effects on metabolic health and mitochondrial function. This study aimed to investigate the effect of a high-intensity interval training (HIIT) regimen on the content of mitophagy-related proteins, including Parkin, PINK-1, and OPTN, in the visceral adipose tissue of rats with type 2 diabetes.<br /><strong>Materials and Methods: </strong>In this experimental study, 24 male rats were divided into three groups: healthy control (HC), diabetic control (DC), and diabetic + HIIT exercise (D+HIIT). Type 2 diabetes was induced in the rats through streptozotocin (STZ) injection combined with a high-fat diet (HFD). The exercise group underwent eight weeks of HIIT. The intensity of the HIIT sessions was set at 85–90% of the rats' maximum running speed, while the low-intensity recovery intervals were performed at 50–60% of maximum speed. At the end of the HIIT intervention, visceral adipose tissue was extracted from each group, and the protein content of mitophagy markers, including Parkin, PINK-1, and OPTN, were measured using the Western blot technique.<br /><strong>Results:</strong> The results of this study showed that type 2 diabetes led to a significant reduction in the levels of Parkin (33%), PINK-1 (41%), and OPTN (46%) in the DC group compared to the HC group (p<0.001). However, in the D+HIIT group, HIIT exercise significantly increased these protein levels compared to the DC group, with Parkin, PINK-1, and OPTN levels increasing by 117.91%, 103.39%, and 536.36%, respectively (p<0.001). Additionally, HIIT exercise in the D+HIIT group resulted in a significant reductions in fasting glucose levels and the HOMA-IR index (p<0.001).<br /><strong>Conclusion:</strong> The results of this study indicate that HIIT has significant effects on the restoration of mitophagy-related proteins and the improvement of metabolic indices in visceral adipose tissue in an animal model of type 2 diabetes. These findings highlight the importance of exercise, particularly HIIT, in enhancing mitochondrial function and promoting cellular processes. However, given the animal-based nature of this study, extrapolating the results to patients with type 2 diabetes requires further investigation in human studies.https://joeppa.sbu.ac.ir/article_105566_c35856e3897f563b11f002882293f5e4.pdfShahid Beheshti UniversityJournal of Sport and Exercise Physiology2676-371018320250923The effect of simultaneous administration of nanoliposomal ursolic acid supplement along with regular exercise in an enriched environment on the expression of MOG, PLP, MBP and MAG genes in cerebellar tissue of aged ratsThe effect of simultaneous administration of nanoliposomal ursolic acid supplement along with regular exercise in an enriched environment on the expression of MOG, PLP, MBP and MAG genes in cerebellar tissue of aged rats183410553510.48308/joeppa.2025.237648.1314FAAliZareDepartment of exercise physiology, Karaj branch, Islamic Azad University, Karaj, Iran0000-0003-4822-994XAlirezaRahimiDepartment of exercise physiology, Karaj branch, Islamic Azad University, Karaj, Iran0000-0002-9971-7380FoadFeizolahiDepartment of exercise physiology, Karaj branch, Islamic Azad University, Karaj, Iran0000-0003-1847-9745Journal Article20241120<strong>Background and Purpose</strong>: Demyelination, axonal damage and loss of neurons associated with aging and advancing senescence, which lead to decreased cognitive and motor function and neurological diseasesare among the concerns of today's societies due to the global increase in the elderly population. Exercise, not only improves overall brain health, it also acts as a powerful anti-aging treatment with minimal side effects. In addition, ursolic acid with its anti-inflammatory properties prevents brain damage and reduces cognitive defects. Therefore, the aim of this study is to investigate the effect of simultaneous administration of ursolic acid supplement along with regular exercise in an enriched environment on the expression of genes involved in myelination including myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein (MOG), myelin proteolipid protein (PLP), myelin basic protein (MBP) and Myelin-associated glycoprotein (MAG) in aged rats.<br /><strong>Materials and Methods</strong>: In this experimental study, 20 male Wistar rats, aged 16-20 months, were divided into four equal groups including: 1) control + placebo, 2) supplement, 3) exercise and 4) supplement + exercise. Regular exercise was performed for 4 weeks, 5 sessions per week and 30 minutes per session, which included voluntary exercise in an enriched environment (a metal cage larger than a standard cage with structures for the animal to climb, opportunities for shelter (houses, PVC pipes, cardboard tunnels), chews, spinning wheel and a set of 14 different non-chewable plastic objects). Nanoliposomal ursolic acid supplement gavage was performed at the rate of 250 mg/kg body weight on an empty stomach and according to training days. The expression of MOG, PLP, MBP and MAG genes in cerebellar tissue was measured by Real-Time PCR method. The data were analyzed using two-factor analysis of variance and Bonferroni's post-hoc test at a significance level of P≤0.05.<br /><strong>Results</strong>: The simultaneous administration of ursolic acid and performing regular exercise caused a significant increase in the expression of all studied genes compared to the other three groups. In addition, voluntary regular exercise and ursolic supplementation alone led to a significant increase in the expression of MOG, PLP and MAG genes compared to the old control group.<br /><strong>Conclusions:</strong> According to the research findings, the simultaneous administration of ursolic acid supplement and regular physical exercise in old age, may reduce axonal damage, neuronal destruction and age-related cognitive function decline through stimulating myelination. However, due to the limited research in this field, more investigations are needed in human.<br /><strong> </strong><strong>Background and Purpose</strong>: Demyelination, axonal damage and loss of neurons associated with aging and advancing senescence, which lead to decreased cognitive and motor function and neurological diseasesare among the concerns of today's societies due to the global increase in the elderly population. Exercise, not only improves overall brain health, it also acts as a powerful anti-aging treatment with minimal side effects. In addition, ursolic acid with its anti-inflammatory properties prevents brain damage and reduces cognitive defects. Therefore, the aim of this study is to investigate the effect of simultaneous administration of ursolic acid supplement along with regular exercise in an enriched environment on the expression of genes involved in myelination including myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein (MOG), myelin proteolipid protein (PLP), myelin basic protein (MBP) and Myelin-associated glycoprotein (MAG) in aged rats.<br /><strong>Materials and Methods</strong>: In this experimental study, 20 male Wistar rats, aged 16-20 months, were divided into four equal groups including: 1) control + placebo, 2) supplement, 3) exercise and 4) supplement + exercise. Regular exercise was performed for 4 weeks, 5 sessions per week and 30 minutes per session, which included voluntary exercise in an enriched environment (a metal cage larger than a standard cage with structures for the animal to climb, opportunities for shelter (houses, PVC pipes, cardboard tunnels), chews, spinning wheel and a set of 14 different non-chewable plastic objects). Nanoliposomal ursolic acid supplement gavage was performed at the rate of 250 mg/kg body weight on an empty stomach and according to training days. The expression of MOG, PLP, MBP and MAG genes in cerebellar tissue was measured by Real-Time PCR method. The data were analyzed using two-factor analysis of variance and Bonferroni's post-hoc test at a significance level of P≤0.05.<br /><strong>Results</strong>: The simultaneous administration of ursolic acid and performing regular exercise caused a significant increase in the expression of all studied genes compared to the other three groups. In addition, voluntary regular exercise and ursolic supplementation alone led to a significant increase in the expression of MOG, PLP and MAG genes compared to the old control group.<br /><strong>Conclusions:</strong> According to the research findings, the simultaneous administration of ursolic acid supplement and regular physical exercise in old age, may reduce axonal damage, neuronal destruction and age-related cognitive function decline through stimulating myelination. However, due to the limited research in this field, more investigations are needed in human.<br /><strong> </strong>https://joeppa.sbu.ac.ir/article_105535_ea44769e7625374f6f0d137ba2c49ce6.pdfShahid Beheshti UniversityJournal of Sport and Exercise Physiology2676-371018320250923The effect of acute consumption of caffeine gum and capsules on some functional parameters of football players during small-sided gamesThe effect of acute consumption of caffeine gum and capsules on some functional parameters of football players during small-sided games355110551010.48308/joeppa.2025.238305.1331FAHosseinAlishavandiDepartment of Sport Sciences, Faculty of Educational Sciences and Psychology, Shiraz University, Shiraz, Iran0000-0001-9563-592XJavadNematiDepartment of Sport Sciences, Faculty of Educational Sciences and Psychology, Shiraz University, Shiraz, Iran0000-0001-7006-8666MohammadHemmatinafarDepartment of Sport Sciences, Faculty of Educational Sciences and Psychology, Shiraz University, Shiraz, Iran0000-0001-7585-7592RasoulRezaeiDepartment of Sport Sciences, Faculty of Educational Sciences and Psychology, Shiraz University, Shiraz, Iran0000-0001-5136-3694Journal Article20250112<strong>Background and Purpose:</strong> Considering the importance of enhancing athletic performance and improving the physiological abilities of football players, it is essential to investigate the effects of nutritional supplements such as caffeine under competitive conditions. This study aimed to compare the acute effects of caffeine gum and capsule consumption before and during small-sided football games on the performance of football players.<br /><strong>Materials and Methods:</strong> This semi-experimental, single-blind study involved sixteen players from national leagues (age, 20.2±2.7 years; weight, 74.5±11.3 kg), who participated voluntarily. The participants completed the training protocol under five conditions: control, placebo, capsule, gum, and a combination of caffeine capsule and gum. The training protocol included small-sided football games in two halves. During the second half, variables such as displacement distance and time spent with heart rates above 80% and 90% of the maximum were measured using a heart rate monitor. At the end of the training, speed and long jump tests were performed. Data were analyzed using SPSS version 26, repeated measures ANOVA, and Bonferroni post-hoc tests.<br /><strong>Results:</strong> The results showed that in the displacement variable, the combination condition had significant differences with control (p=0.003), placebo (p=0.006), and capsule (p=0.021). Significant differences were also observed between the gum condition with control (p=0.032) and placebo (p=0.035). For the time spent with heart rates above 80%, the combination condition showed significant differences with control (p=0.001) and placebo (p=0.001). In addition, the gum condition significantly differed from placebo (p=0.004) and control (p=0.05). The capsule condition also significantly differed from control (p=0.049). Similar results were observed for the time spent with heart rates above 90%. In the long jump variable, the combination condition showed significant differences with control (p=0.030) and capsule (p=0.046), while the gum condition significantly differed from control (p=0.011). In the speed variable, the combination condition showed significant differences with control (p=0.002) and placebo (p=0.024). Similarly, the gum condition was significantly different from control (p=0.017) and placebo (p=0.034).<br /><strong>Conclusion:</strong> The findings suggest that all three caffeine consumption methods positively influence players' performance. However, the combination of caffeine capsules and gum can improve football players' performance more effectively during the second half.<strong>Background and Purpose:</strong> Considering the importance of enhancing athletic performance and improving the physiological abilities of football players, it is essential to investigate the effects of nutritional supplements such as caffeine under competitive conditions. This study aimed to compare the acute effects of caffeine gum and capsule consumption before and during small-sided football games on the performance of football players.<br /><strong>Materials and Methods:</strong> This semi-experimental, single-blind study involved sixteen players from national leagues (age, 20.2±2.7 years; weight, 74.5±11.3 kg), who participated voluntarily. The participants completed the training protocol under five conditions: control, placebo, capsule, gum, and a combination of caffeine capsule and gum. The training protocol included small-sided football games in two halves. During the second half, variables such as displacement distance and time spent with heart rates above 80% and 90% of the maximum were measured using a heart rate monitor. At the end of the training, speed and long jump tests were performed. Data were analyzed using SPSS version 26, repeated measures ANOVA, and Bonferroni post-hoc tests.<br /><strong>Results:</strong> The results showed that in the displacement variable, the combination condition had significant differences with control (p=0.003), placebo (p=0.006), and capsule (p=0.021). Significant differences were also observed between the gum condition with control (p=0.032) and placebo (p=0.035). For the time spent with heart rates above 80%, the combination condition showed significant differences with control (p=0.001) and placebo (p=0.001). In addition, the gum condition significantly differed from placebo (p=0.004) and control (p=0.05). The capsule condition also significantly differed from control (p=0.049). Similar results were observed for the time spent with heart rates above 90%. In the long jump variable, the combination condition showed significant differences with control (p=0.030) and capsule (p=0.046), while the gum condition significantly differed from control (p=0.011). In the speed variable, the combination condition showed significant differences with control (p=0.002) and placebo (p=0.024). Similarly, the gum condition was significantly different from control (p=0.017) and placebo (p=0.034).<br /><strong>Conclusion:</strong> The findings suggest that all three caffeine consumption methods positively influence players' performance. However, the combination of caffeine capsules and gum can improve football players' performance more effectively during the second half.https://joeppa.sbu.ac.ir/article_105510_9b32af78101775f7259df3ccb0049d14.pdfShahid Beheshti UniversityJournal of Sport and Exercise Physiology2676-371018320250923Comparing the effect of 8 weeks of continuous aerobic and high intensity interval training on soleus muscle gene expression of mTORC1, eEF2K, and eEF2 in male Wistar ratsComparing the effect of 8 weeks of continuous aerobic and high intensity interval training on soleus muscle gene expression of mTORC1, eEF2K, and eEF2 in male Wistar rats526710577110.48308/joeppa.2025.238426.1333FAKiaSalimiDepartment of Exercise Physiology, Faculty of Sport and Exercise Sciences, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran0000-0003-1422-389XMasoomehAlvandiDepartment of Biological Science in Sport and Health, University of Shahid Beheshti, Tehran, Iran0000-0002-2714-1511Rahman SooriSooriDepartment of Exercise Physiology, Faculty of Sport and Exercise Sciences, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran0000-0002-4661-7204Ali AsgharRavasiDepartment of Exercise Physiology, Faculty of Sport and Exercise Sciences, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran0000-0002-5549-2132Journal Article20250120<strong>Background and Purpose</strong>: The mechanism of muscle protein synthesis is regulated by the mTORC1 pathway and specific downstream signaling factors such as Eukaryotic Translation Elongation Factor 2 (eEF2), which maximize skeletal muscle fiber hypertrophy. The aim of the present study was to compare the effects of eight weeks of continuous aerobic training and high-intensity interval training (HIIT) on the gene expression of mTORC1, eEF2K, and eEF2 in the soleus muscle of male Wistar rats.<br /><strong>Material and Methods:</strong><strong> </strong>For this purpose, twenty-four male Wistar rats (8 weeks old; weight, 280-300 g) were randomly divided into three groups: HIIT (n=8), continuous aerobic training (n=8) and control (n=8). The training protocol consisted of eight weeks of continuous aerobic and HIIT program (three times per week) at a 15° incline. The HIIT protocol included eight minutes of high intensity repetitions at an intensity of 85-95% V̇O<sub>2</sub>max followed by active recovery at an intensity of 50-60% V̇O<sub>2</sub>max. The intensity of the exercise increased from two full repetitions in the first week to five repetitions. In the continuous aerobic group, the rats ran at an intensity of 65-75% of V̇O<sub>2</sub>max and the training time increased from 30 minutes in the first week to 60 minutes in the fourth to last week. For warm-up and cool-down, the subjects ran at 40-50% of V̇O<sub>2</sub>max for 10 minutes at the beginning and end of each training session. Fourty eight hours after the last training session, the soleus muscle of the rats was extracted and the factors were evaluated by real-time PCR. Data were analyzed using one-way ANOVA with LSD post-hoc test at a significance level of α=0.05.<br /><strong>Results</strong>: The results of the study showed that continuous training significantly increased the ratio of soleus muscle weight to body weight (p=0.01) and the expression of eEF2K (p=0.002). Moreover, mTORC1 expression was significantly elevated in the continuous aerobic group (p=0.001). However, changes in eEF2 expression were not statistically significant (p>0.05). The HIIT also led to significant increases in mTORC1 (p=0.001), eEF2K (p=0.05), and the soleus muscle-to-body weight ratio (p=0.05), while no significant changes were observed in eEF2 expression (p>0.05).<br /><strong>Conclusion</strong>: Our results showed that 8 weeks of continuous aerobic training and HIIT on a treadmill at a 15° incline increased mTORC1 gene expression and the ratio of soleus muscle weight to body weight. Given the increased expression of eEF2K and no changes in eEF2 in both exercise groups, it appears that the elongation pathway does not play a major role in the potential hypertrophy caused by either training modality.<strong>Background and Purpose</strong>: The mechanism of muscle protein synthesis is regulated by the mTORC1 pathway and specific downstream signaling factors such as Eukaryotic Translation Elongation Factor 2 (eEF2), which maximize skeletal muscle fiber hypertrophy. The aim of the present study was to compare the effects of eight weeks of continuous aerobic training and high-intensity interval training (HIIT) on the gene expression of mTORC1, eEF2K, and eEF2 in the soleus muscle of male Wistar rats.<br /><strong>Material and Methods:</strong><strong> </strong>For this purpose, twenty-four male Wistar rats (8 weeks old; weight, 280-300 g) were randomly divided into three groups: HIIT (n=8), continuous aerobic training (n=8) and control (n=8). The training protocol consisted of eight weeks of continuous aerobic and HIIT program (three times per week) at a 15° incline. The HIIT protocol included eight minutes of high intensity repetitions at an intensity of 85-95% V̇O<sub>2</sub>max followed by active recovery at an intensity of 50-60% V̇O<sub>2</sub>max. The intensity of the exercise increased from two full repetitions in the first week to five repetitions. In the continuous aerobic group, the rats ran at an intensity of 65-75% of V̇O<sub>2</sub>max and the training time increased from 30 minutes in the first week to 60 minutes in the fourth to last week. For warm-up and cool-down, the subjects ran at 40-50% of V̇O<sub>2</sub>max for 10 minutes at the beginning and end of each training session. Fourty eight hours after the last training session, the soleus muscle of the rats was extracted and the factors were evaluated by real-time PCR. Data were analyzed using one-way ANOVA with LSD post-hoc test at a significance level of α=0.05.<br /><strong>Results</strong>: The results of the study showed that continuous training significantly increased the ratio of soleus muscle weight to body weight (p=0.01) and the expression of eEF2K (p=0.002). Moreover, mTORC1 expression was significantly elevated in the continuous aerobic group (p=0.001). However, changes in eEF2 expression were not statistically significant (p>0.05). The HIIT also led to significant increases in mTORC1 (p=0.001), eEF2K (p=0.05), and the soleus muscle-to-body weight ratio (p=0.05), while no significant changes were observed in eEF2 expression (p>0.05).<br /><strong>Conclusion</strong>: Our results showed that 8 weeks of continuous aerobic training and HIIT on a treadmill at a 15° incline increased mTORC1 gene expression and the ratio of soleus muscle weight to body weight. Given the increased expression of eEF2K and no changes in eEF2 in both exercise groups, it appears that the elongation pathway does not play a major role in the potential hypertrophy caused by either training modality.https://joeppa.sbu.ac.ir/article_105771_6fca2e067e636a22146e64b6f2343467.pdfShahid Beheshti UniversityJournal of Sport and Exercise Physiology2676-371018320250923Correlation between Bruce laboratory test and field tests of YO-YO IRT2 and FIET in estimating aerobic power of elite futsal playersCorrelation between Bruce laboratory test and field tests of YO-YO IRT2 and FIET in estimating aerobic power of elite futsal players688410571910.48308/joeppa.2025.237820.1318FABijanKhodayariSport Sciences Faculty, Razi University, Kermanshah, Iran0009-0002-1703-5392AbdolhosseinParnowSport Sciences Faculty. Razi University Kermanshah. Iran0000-0003-1965-2626WoryaTahmasebiSport Sciences Faculty. Razi University Kermanshah. Iran0000-0003-3971-5348KarimFirouzbakhtSport Sciences Faculty. Razi University Kermanshah. Iran0009-0006-5294-1576Journal Article20241208<strong>Background and Purpose</strong>: Futsal is a high-intensity intermittent sport that its energy is supplied through both aerobic and anaerobic pathways. This reality in futsal, makes it important to assess and understand the physiological indicators such as lactate, heart rate, respiratory exchange ratio, and VO<sub>2</sub>max in futsal players. Futsal players must have high aerobic fitness, and evaluating aerobic fitness indicators and their measurement techniques require understanding the related field tests. On the other hand, improving various physical aspects of futsal players requires accurate and specific evaluation of the futsal game, while, accurate evaluation requires accurate and specific tools for this sport. The aim of this study was to investigate the relationship between Bruce laboratory test (BLT) and two field tests (YO-YOIRT2 & FIET) used for determining aerobic power in elite futsal players.<br /><strong>Materials and Methods:</strong> Fifteen elite futsal players (age, 20.4±1.85 yrs; height, 1.78±0.0437 m; body mass, 66.33±7.13 kg; and BMI, 20.80±1.62 kg/m<sup>2</sup>) participated in this study. After familiarization with the study procedure, the main tests were performed on three different sessions, interspersed with one week. In these three sessions, all participants randomly performed the Bruce laboratory test on treadmill, the YO-YO IRT2 test, and the FIET test for measuring VO<sub>2</sub>max, RER, blood lactate, and maximal heart rate (MHR) via gas analysis, lactometer, and heart rate monitoring (Polar system), respectively. Pearson correlation coefficient was used to determine relationship between the variables.<br /><strong>Results</strong>: Data analyses showed a significant positive correlation among the VO<sub>2</sub>max factors (r=0.54, p=0.034), and RER (r=0.60, p=0.017) in the Bruce and YO-YO IRT2 tests, as well as blood lactate (r=0.60, p=0.017,) in the Bruce and FIET tests. Additionally, there was a significant positive correlation between the maximum heart rate factor for Bruce and YO-YO IRT2 (r=0.82, p=0.001), Bruce and FIET (r =0.95, p=0.001,), and Yo-Yo IRT2 and FIET (r=0.81, p=0.001). However, there was no significant correlation between the VO<sub>2</sub>max and RER in the Bruce and FIET tests, and and in the YO-YO IRT2 and FIET tests. Additionally, there was no significant correlation between blood lactate in the Bruce and YO-YO IRT2 tests, and between the YO-YO IRT2 and FIET tests.<br /><strong>Conclusion: </strong>Based on the results of this study, it can be stated that the YO-YO IRT2 test is a valid and reliable test for assessing the aerobic capacity of elite male futsal players. Moreover, according to the correlations between blood lactate levels in the Bruce test and FIET, as well as the HRmax across all three laboratory tests (Bruce, Yo-Yo IRT2 and FIET), it can be stated that the physiological stress imposed by these tests on different body systems is similar in elite male futsal players.<strong>Background and Purpose</strong>: Futsal is a high-intensity intermittent sport that its energy is supplied through both aerobic and anaerobic pathways. This reality in futsal, makes it important to assess and understand the physiological indicators such as lactate, heart rate, respiratory exchange ratio, and VO<sub>2</sub>max in futsal players. Futsal players must have high aerobic fitness, and evaluating aerobic fitness indicators and their measurement techniques require understanding the related field tests. On the other hand, improving various physical aspects of futsal players requires accurate and specific evaluation of the futsal game, while, accurate evaluation requires accurate and specific tools for this sport. The aim of this study was to investigate the relationship between Bruce laboratory test (BLT) and two field tests (YO-YOIRT2 & FIET) used for determining aerobic power in elite futsal players.<br /><strong>Materials and Methods:</strong> Fifteen elite futsal players (age, 20.4±1.85 yrs; height, 1.78±0.0437 m; body mass, 66.33±7.13 kg; and BMI, 20.80±1.62 kg/m<sup>2</sup>) participated in this study. After familiarization with the study procedure, the main tests were performed on three different sessions, interspersed with one week. In these three sessions, all participants randomly performed the Bruce laboratory test on treadmill, the YO-YO IRT2 test, and the FIET test for measuring VO<sub>2</sub>max, RER, blood lactate, and maximal heart rate (MHR) via gas analysis, lactometer, and heart rate monitoring (Polar system), respectively. Pearson correlation coefficient was used to determine relationship between the variables.<br /><strong>Results</strong>: Data analyses showed a significant positive correlation among the VO<sub>2</sub>max factors (r=0.54, p=0.034), and RER (r=0.60, p=0.017) in the Bruce and YO-YO IRT2 tests, as well as blood lactate (r=0.60, p=0.017,) in the Bruce and FIET tests. Additionally, there was a significant positive correlation between the maximum heart rate factor for Bruce and YO-YO IRT2 (r=0.82, p=0.001), Bruce and FIET (r =0.95, p=0.001,), and Yo-Yo IRT2 and FIET (r=0.81, p=0.001). However, there was no significant correlation between the VO<sub>2</sub>max and RER in the Bruce and FIET tests, and and in the YO-YO IRT2 and FIET tests. Additionally, there was no significant correlation between blood lactate in the Bruce and YO-YO IRT2 tests, and between the YO-YO IRT2 and FIET tests.<br /><strong>Conclusion: </strong>Based on the results of this study, it can be stated that the YO-YO IRT2 test is a valid and reliable test for assessing the aerobic capacity of elite male futsal players. Moreover, according to the correlations between blood lactate levels in the Bruce test and FIET, as well as the HRmax across all three laboratory tests (Bruce, Yo-Yo IRT2 and FIET), it can be stated that the physiological stress imposed by these tests on different body systems is similar in elite male futsal players.https://joeppa.sbu.ac.ir/article_105719_c029d40152f16d1f3983453a35b0fea6.pdfShahid Beheshti UniversityJournal of Sport and Exercise Physiology2676-371018320250923The effect of short-term astaxanthin supplementation and cold-water immersion on serum levels of immunoglobulin A and interleukin-6 in trained water polo players following high intensity interval exerciseThe effect of short-term astaxanthin supplementation and cold-water immersion on serum levels of immunoglobulin A and interleukin-6 in trained water polo players following high intensity interval exercise8510510572710.48308/joeppa.2025.239008.1343FAMohammadhadiAsghariDepartment of Sport Sciences, Faculty of Education and Psychology, Azarbaijan Shahid Madani University, Tabriz, Iran0009-0001-0126-1603RoghayehFakhrpourDepartment of Sport Sciences, Faculty of Education and Psychology, Azarbaijan Shahid Madani University, Tabriz, Iran0000-0003-4550-4934BahloulGhorbanianDepartment of Sport Sciences, Faculty of Education and Psychology, Azarbaijan Shahid Madani University, Tabriz, Iran0000-0002-7308-3519Journal Article20250303<strong>Background and Purpose</strong>: While physical exercise offers numerous health benefits, it is also a significant contributor to oxidative stress and increased inflammation in the body. Astaxanthin, a natural red ketocarotenoid with potent antioxidant properties, may mitigate exercise-induced oxidative stress and inflammation while enhancing immune responses. Cold water immersion (CWI), a cost-effective recovery method, has also gained attention for post-exercise recovery. Therefore, the present study aimed to investigate the effects of astaxanthin supplementation and cold-water immersion on serum levels of immunoglobulin A (IgA) and interleukin-6 (IL-6) in trained water polo players following high-intensity interval exercise (HIIE).<br /><strong>Materials and Methods</strong>: In this double-blind, semi-experimental trial, 24 professional male water polo athletes (mean±SD; age, 18.41±0.98 yrs; height, 178.8±5.26 cm; weight, 76.58±6.35 kg) with regular training routines and at least two years of professional experience were randomly assigned to four groups: supplement, supplement-recovery, placebo, and placebo-recovery. Participants underwent two HIIE sessions (5 × 50-meter maximal-effort sprints) separated by a three-week interval, with the first week designated as a washout period. During the subsequent two weeks, subjects consumed either 25 mg astaxanthin or a starch-based placebo daily with their final meal. Blood samples were collected at four time points per session (pre-exercise, immediately post-exercise, an hour and 24-hours post-exercise), totaling eight measurements. Serum levels of immunoglobulin A (IgA) and interleukin-6 (IL-6) were quantified via ELISA. Data were analyzed using SPSS, with one-way repeated measures ANOVA, Bonferroni post-hoc tests, and t-tests, at a significance level of p≤0.05.<br /><strong>Results</strong>: Following HIIE, significant changes were observed in IgA and IL-6 levels (p<0.001). Two weeks of astaxanthin supplementation significantly enhanced post-exercise IgA recovery (p=0.023) and reduced IL-6 levels compared to the placebo group (p=0.03). In groups undergoing CWI, IgA levels returned to baseline within 24 hours, while the combined astaxanthin-CWI group demonstrated similar baseline restoration for IL-6.<br /><strong>Conclusion</strong>: Short-term astaxanthin supplementation reduces IL-6 and accelerates plasma IgA recovery. CWI may further expedite the return of measured markers to baseline levels. These findings suggest that astaxanthin supplementation and post-acute exercise cold water immersion could effectively reduce exercise-induced inflammation and modulate immune responses in elite athletes.<strong>Background and Purpose</strong>: While physical exercise offers numerous health benefits, it is also a significant contributor to oxidative stress and increased inflammation in the body. Astaxanthin, a natural red ketocarotenoid with potent antioxidant properties, may mitigate exercise-induced oxidative stress and inflammation while enhancing immune responses. Cold water immersion (CWI), a cost-effective recovery method, has also gained attention for post-exercise recovery. Therefore, the present study aimed to investigate the effects of astaxanthin supplementation and cold-water immersion on serum levels of immunoglobulin A (IgA) and interleukin-6 (IL-6) in trained water polo players following high-intensity interval exercise (HIIE).<br /><strong>Materials and Methods</strong>: In this double-blind, semi-experimental trial, 24 professional male water polo athletes (mean±SD; age, 18.41±0.98 yrs; height, 178.8±5.26 cm; weight, 76.58±6.35 kg) with regular training routines and at least two years of professional experience were randomly assigned to four groups: supplement, supplement-recovery, placebo, and placebo-recovery. Participants underwent two HIIE sessions (5 × 50-meter maximal-effort sprints) separated by a three-week interval, with the first week designated as a washout period. During the subsequent two weeks, subjects consumed either 25 mg astaxanthin or a starch-based placebo daily with their final meal. Blood samples were collected at four time points per session (pre-exercise, immediately post-exercise, an hour and 24-hours post-exercise), totaling eight measurements. Serum levels of immunoglobulin A (IgA) and interleukin-6 (IL-6) were quantified via ELISA. Data were analyzed using SPSS, with one-way repeated measures ANOVA, Bonferroni post-hoc tests, and t-tests, at a significance level of p≤0.05.<br /><strong>Results</strong>: Following HIIE, significant changes were observed in IgA and IL-6 levels (p<0.001). Two weeks of astaxanthin supplementation significantly enhanced post-exercise IgA recovery (p=0.023) and reduced IL-6 levels compared to the placebo group (p=0.03). In groups undergoing CWI, IgA levels returned to baseline within 24 hours, while the combined astaxanthin-CWI group demonstrated similar baseline restoration for IL-6.<br /><strong>Conclusion</strong>: Short-term astaxanthin supplementation reduces IL-6 and accelerates plasma IgA recovery. CWI may further expedite the return of measured markers to baseline levels. These findings suggest that astaxanthin supplementation and post-acute exercise cold water immersion could effectively reduce exercise-induced inflammation and modulate immune responses in elite athletes.https://joeppa.sbu.ac.ir/article_105727_72893feea13a2723712e318d5fbd2635.pdfShahid Beheshti UniversityJournal of Sport and Exercise Physiology2676-371018320250923Investigating the role of lifetime physical activity on brain health in people with multiple sclerosis: Evidence from magnetic resonance and diffusion imagingInvestigating the role of lifetime physical activity on brain health in people with multiple sclerosis: Evidence from magnetic resonance and diffusion imaging10612910577310.48308/joeppa.2025.239108.1344FARaoofNegareshDepartment of Physical education, Farhangian University, P.O. Box 14665-889, Tehran, Iran0000-0002-4902-5781RezaGharakhanlouTarbiat Modares University, Tehran, Iran0000-0001-5490-5444Mohammad AliSahraeianMultiple Sclerosis Research Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran0000-0002-3224-8807MaryamAbolhassaniMultiple Sclerosis Research Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran0000-0001-5417-2906RobertMotlDepartment of Kinesiology and Nutrition, University of Illinois, Chicago, IL, USA0000-0002-5894-2290Journal Article20250309<strong>Background and Purpose:</strong> Lifestyle is one of the most important factors affecting human health. Lifetime physical activity can be one of the most important components of lifestyle that is beneficial for brain health in people with multiple sclerosis (MS). The aim of the current study was to investigate the role and relationship of current and lifetime physical activity with the volume and markers of myelin and axon loss in the hippocampus, thalamus, corpus callosum, and amygdala in individuals with MS.
<strong>Methods & Materials:</strong> Sixty individuals with MS (66% female, 77% relapsing-remitting MS) with a mean age of 37.3±9.3 years and a disability index of 2.2±1.1, participated in this study. Whole brain volume and regions of interest were assessed by magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and myelin and axonal loss parameters were assessed by diffusion tensor imaging (DTI). In DTI imaging, fractional anisotropy (FA, an indicator of axonal loss) and mean diffusion (MD, an indicator of myelin loss) were assessed. Current and lifetime physical activity were assessed using an accelerometer and an adapted version of the Activity History Questionnaire, respectively. Moreover, Pearson correlation and partial correlation coefficients were used to estimate the relationship of physical activity parameters with MRI and DTI markers.
<strong>Results:</strong> The brain, hippocampus and corpus callosum volume of participants who were physically active more than 4 hours/week (high active participants) was significantly greater compared to other participants (p<0.05). Moreover, the FA parameter was significantly higher in the hippocampus and corpus callosum of active participants (p<0.05), while the MD parameter was significantly higher only in the corpus callosum of sedentary participants (p<0.05). There was a significant (p<0.05) positive correlation between lifetime total energy expenditure and brain (r=0.29), thalamus (r=0.37), hippocampus (r=0.73) and corpus callosum volume (r=0.69). Higher lifetime total energy expenditure was associated with improved markers of myelin and axonal loss in the hippocampus and corpus callosum (p<0.05). Current moderate to vigorous physical activity was positively and significantly (p<0.05) associated with thalamus (r=0.37), hippocampus (r=0.39), corpus callosum volume (r=0.45) and markers of axonal loss in the corpus callosum (r=0.75).
<strong>Conclusions:</strong> The current study provides new evidence for the positive association between physical activity and brain volume and the prevention of myelin and axonal loss in individuals with MS. The present findings support performing physical activity for more than 4 hours per week at various intensities, especially moderate to vigorous intensity, as a means to improve brain health in individuals with MS as a disease-modifying treatment.
<strong>Background and Purpose:</strong> Lifestyle is one of the most important factors affecting human health. Lifetime physical activity can be one of the most important components of lifestyle that is beneficial for brain health in people with multiple sclerosis (MS). The aim of the current study was to investigate the role and relationship of current and lifetime physical activity with the volume and markers of myelin and axon loss in the hippocampus, thalamus, corpus callosum, and amygdala in individuals with MS.
<strong>Methods & Materials:</strong> Sixty individuals with MS (66% female, 77% relapsing-remitting MS) with a mean age of 37.3±9.3 years and a disability index of 2.2±1.1, participated in this study. Whole brain volume and regions of interest were assessed by magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and myelin and axonal loss parameters were assessed by diffusion tensor imaging (DTI). In DTI imaging, fractional anisotropy (FA, an indicator of axonal loss) and mean diffusion (MD, an indicator of myelin loss) were assessed. Current and lifetime physical activity were assessed using an accelerometer and an adapted version of the Activity History Questionnaire, respectively. Moreover, Pearson correlation and partial correlation coefficients were used to estimate the relationship of physical activity parameters with MRI and DTI markers.
<strong>Results:</strong> The brain, hippocampus and corpus callosum volume of participants who were physically active more than 4 hours/week (high active participants) was significantly greater compared to other participants (p<0.05). Moreover, the FA parameter was significantly higher in the hippocampus and corpus callosum of active participants (p<0.05), while the MD parameter was significantly higher only in the corpus callosum of sedentary participants (p<0.05). There was a significant (p<0.05) positive correlation between lifetime total energy expenditure and brain (r=0.29), thalamus (r=0.37), hippocampus (r=0.73) and corpus callosum volume (r=0.69). Higher lifetime total energy expenditure was associated with improved markers of myelin and axonal loss in the hippocampus and corpus callosum (p<0.05). Current moderate to vigorous physical activity was positively and significantly (p<0.05) associated with thalamus (r=0.37), hippocampus (r=0.39), corpus callosum volume (r=0.45) and markers of axonal loss in the corpus callosum (r=0.75).
<strong>Conclusions:</strong> The current study provides new evidence for the positive association between physical activity and brain volume and the prevention of myelin and axonal loss in individuals with MS. The present findings support performing physical activity for more than 4 hours per week at various intensities, especially moderate to vigorous intensity, as a means to improve brain health in individuals with MS as a disease-modifying treatment.
https://joeppa.sbu.ac.ir/article_105773_dbcdb410e0fb0a724bad8b5ea3abdd81.pdfShahid Beheshti UniversityJournal of Sport and Exercise Physiology2676-371018320251203The effect of resistance training combined with cucumber juice on oxidative markers in women with type 2 diabetesThe effect of resistance training combined with cucumber juice on oxidative markers in women with type 2 diabetes13014710616310.48308/joeppa.2025.241001.1387FAMaryamLotfiDepartment of Exercise Physiology, Faculty of sport sciences, Razi University, Kermanshah, Iran.0000-0001-7019-0629NasserBehpoorDepartment of Exercise Physiology, Faculty of sport sciences, Razi University, Kermanshah, Iran.0000-0003-4987-9872MehraliRahimiDepartment of internal medicine, Faculty of medicine, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah, Iran0000-0003-0900-5740AfsharJafariFaculty of sport sciences and health, Shahid Beheshti University, Tehran, Iran0000-0003-1186-4923Journal Article20251203<strong>Background and Purpose: </strong>Type 2 diabetes is a metabolic disease that, if not treated properly, reduces the quality of life and increases the risk of other heart diseases, retinopathy, nephropathy, etc. The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of resistance training combined with cucumber juice on oxidative markers in women with type 2 diabetes.<br /><strong>Materials and Methods:</strong> Forty women with type 2 diabetes participated in a double-blind experimental study and were divided into four groups: Training + placebo, Training + supplement, supplement, and control. The subjects in the Training groups performed resistance training for 8 weeks. For eight weeks, the subjects in the supplement and Training + supplement groups were given 240 ml of cucumber juice by a research assistant in a double-blind manner. The Training + placebo and control groups were also given 240 ml of placebo. Blood samples were taken 48 hours before and after the study. Fasting blood sugar (FBS) and glycosylated hemoglobin (HbA1c) were measured using blood plasma. After separating the serum samples from the plasma, oxidative markers were evaluated using special kits and changes in oxidative markers were examined. After collecting the data, they were analyzed using SPSS version 22 statistical analysis software. Paired t-tests and one-way ANOVA were used to analyze the data. Tukey's post hoc test was used to determine the significant difference between the groups. All statistical analyses were considered at a significance level of α equal to 5%.<br /><strong>Results:</strong> The greatest reductions in FBS and HbA1c were observed in the training+supplement group compared with the other groups. Additionally, FBS decreased significantly more in the training-placebo group than the supplement group (p<0.05), whereas, the difference in HbA1c between these two groups was not significant (p>0.05). Antioxidant capacity also increased significantly more in the training+supplement group compared the other groups (p<0.05). A significant decrease in antioxidant enzyme activities (superoxide dismutase, catalase, and glutathione peroxidase) was found in both supplement-receiving groups compared with the control (p<0.05), while a significant increase in these enzymes was observed only in the training+placebo group (p<0.05). Moreover, the difference in the magnitude of glutathione peroxidase changes between the training+supplement and supplement groups was not significant (p>0.05).<br /><strong>Conclusions: </strong>Resistance training and intake of some antioxidants have attracted special attention as two non-pharmacological methods in the management of type 2 diabetes. In the present study, considering the effect of eight weeks of resistance training and cucumber juice intake on the levels of diabetic markers and total antioxidant capacity in women with type 2 diabetes, it can be concluded that these two methods can be used to control type 2 diabetes and increase the body's antioxidant capacity in women with type 2 diabetes.<br /> <strong>Background and Purpose: </strong>Type 2 diabetes is a metabolic disease that, if not treated properly, reduces the quality of life and increases the risk of other heart diseases, retinopathy, nephropathy, etc. The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of resistance training combined with cucumber juice on oxidative markers in women with type 2 diabetes.<br /><strong>Materials and Methods:</strong> Forty women with type 2 diabetes participated in a double-blind experimental study and were divided into four groups: Training + placebo, Training + supplement, supplement, and control. The subjects in the Training groups performed resistance training for 8 weeks. For eight weeks, the subjects in the supplement and Training + supplement groups were given 240 ml of cucumber juice by a research assistant in a double-blind manner. The Training + placebo and control groups were also given 240 ml of placebo. Blood samples were taken 48 hours before and after the study. Fasting blood sugar (FBS) and glycosylated hemoglobin (HbA1c) were measured using blood plasma. After separating the serum samples from the plasma, oxidative markers were evaluated using special kits and changes in oxidative markers were examined. After collecting the data, they were analyzed using SPSS version 22 statistical analysis software. Paired t-tests and one-way ANOVA were used to analyze the data. Tukey's post hoc test was used to determine the significant difference between the groups. All statistical analyses were considered at a significance level of α equal to 5%.<br /><strong>Results:</strong> The greatest reductions in FBS and HbA1c were observed in the training+supplement group compared with the other groups. Additionally, FBS decreased significantly more in the training-placebo group than the supplement group (p<0.05), whereas, the difference in HbA1c between these two groups was not significant (p>0.05). Antioxidant capacity also increased significantly more in the training+supplement group compared the other groups (p<0.05). A significant decrease in antioxidant enzyme activities (superoxide dismutase, catalase, and glutathione peroxidase) was found in both supplement-receiving groups compared with the control (p<0.05), while a significant increase in these enzymes was observed only in the training+placebo group (p<0.05). Moreover, the difference in the magnitude of glutathione peroxidase changes between the training+supplement and supplement groups was not significant (p>0.05).<br /><strong>Conclusions: </strong>Resistance training and intake of some antioxidants have attracted special attention as two non-pharmacological methods in the management of type 2 diabetes. In the present study, considering the effect of eight weeks of resistance training and cucumber juice intake on the levels of diabetic markers and total antioxidant capacity in women with type 2 diabetes, it can be concluded that these two methods can be used to control type 2 diabetes and increase the body's antioxidant capacity in women with type 2 diabetes.<br /> https://joeppa.sbu.ac.ir/article_106163_a720e4b9f350a24fdc6df0a01ae98f3c.pdf