https://joeppa.sbu.ac.ir/ Journal of Sport and Exercise Physiology en daily 1 Mon, 22 Dec 2025 00:00:00 +0330 Mon, 22 Dec 2025 00:00:00 +0330 https://joeppa.sbu.ac.ir/article_105886.html Background and Purpose: Achieving high efficiency in athletic training and maximizing muscular output is of critical importance to both coaches and athletes. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to investigate the effects of six weeks of low-intensity eccentric quasi-isometric (EQI) training with blood flow restriction (BFR) on serum levels of testosterone and cortisol, and on muscular hypertrophy and power in male athletes. Materials and Methods: Thirty-six young male athletes were selected and randomly divided into three groups including EQI, the low-intensity EQI+BFR (EQI + BFR), and the control (CON). The training groups performed EQI resistance training in addition to their routine training for 6 weeks, 2 sessions per week. The EQI group performed weight training using the eccentric quasi-isometric method, 3-4 repetitions at an intensity of 60-85% of one repetition maximum (1RM) and a duration under tension of 15-90 seconds per repetition for 5 lower and upper body exercises, and the EQI + BFR group performed the same exercise protocol at an intensity range of 20-35% of 1RM and with BFR. The control group performed their routine exercise activities. Fasting blood samples were taken 48 hours before the first training session and 48 hours after the last training session. Serum testosterone and cortisol levels were measured using human ELISA kits. Upper and lower body hypertrophy was measured anthropometrically. Lower body power was also assessed using a vertical jump test. Two-way ANOVA and Bonferroni’s post-hoc test were used for between-group comparisons and paired t-test was used to examine within-group changes. Results: A significant time × group interaction was observed after six weeks of both EQI and EQI + BFR training for serum levels of testosterone (p=0.014), cortisol (p=0.007), testosterone to cortisol ratio (p=0.005), thigh circumference (p=0.001), arm circumference (p=0.001), mean (p=0.009) and peak leg power (p=0.009). Between-group results showed that both EQI and EQI + BFR training significantly increased testosterone levels (p=0.03 and p=0.02, respectively), testosterone to cortisol ratio (p= 0.023 and p=0.007, respectively), arm circumference (p= 0.011 and p=0.001, respectively), and thigh circumference (p= 0.001 and p=0.002, respectively), compared to the control group. The EQI + BFR group showed a significant decrease in cortisol in comparison to the control group (p=0.005), and the EQI group revealed a significant increase in peak (p=0.007) and average leg power (p=0.007) compared to the control group. However, there was no significant difference between the EQI and EQI + BFR training groups in all variables (p>0.05). Conclusion: The results of the present study showed that both high-intensity EQI and low-intensity EQI+BFR training can improve testosterone serum levels, testosterone to cortisol ratio, arm and thigh circumferences similarly. However, the role of EQI+BFR was more prominent in reducing cortisol level and high-intensity EQI in improving lower body power. It seems that low-intensity EQI training with BFR can be used interchangeably with high-intensity EQI training. https://joeppa.sbu.ac.ir/article_105822.html Background and Purpose: The increasing elderly population and the aging process pose challenges to memory, learning, neuroplasticity, and cognitive function of the central nervous system. Given the potential of high-intensity interval training (HIIT) to alter body lactate levels, this study investigates the effects of HIIT and lactate as a non-pharmacological and therapeutic strategy on the levels of brain-derived neurotrophic factor and lactate transporters associated with age-related markers, including cognition, memory, learning, and neural plasticity, in young adult and induced-aged rats. Materials and Methods: In this study, 40 male Wistar rats with an average age of 12 weeks and a weight range of 200–220 grams were randomly divided into four groups: young adult control, induced-aged control, young adult with HIIT, and induced-aged with HIIT. To induce aging, two groups of rats received daily intraperitoneal injections of D-galactose for 8 weeks, while the other two groups received normal saline. Following the induction of aging, an 8-week HIIT protocol was implemented. This protocol consisted of 3 training sessions per week, with each session including 6 repetitions of 4 minutes of exercise at 85–95% of maximum training capacity, interspersed by 3 minutes of recovery at 40–50% of maximum training capacity. Forty-eight hours after the last training session, hippocampal tissue was extracted from the rat's brains. Lactate transporter levels (MCT2 and MCT4) were measured using Western blot, and BDNF levels were assessed using ELISA Technique. Data analysis was performed using one-way ANOVA followed by Tukey's post-hoc test, with statistical significance set at p≤0.05. Results: The results indicated that HIIT had no significant effect on MCT2 levels in young adult rats (p>0.05). In induced-aged rats, MCT2 levels were significantly reduced (p<0.0001) and HIIT led to a significant increase in MCT2 levels (p<0.001). In young adult rats, HIIT resulted in a significant increase in MCT4 levels (p<0.01). Aging induction caused a significant reduction in MCT4 levels (p<0.0001), while, HIIT resulted in a significant increase in MCT4 levels (p<0.001) in this group. In young adult rats, HIIT had no significant effect on BDNF levels (p>0.05). In induced-aged rats, BDNF levels were significantly decreased (p<0.01). Although, HIIT in induced-aged rats led to a notable increase in BDNF levels, this increase was not statistically significant (p>0.05). Conclusion: The levels of lactate transporters MCT2 and MCT4, as well as the brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF), decrease with aging. However, HIIT exercise can partially compensate for this reduction and HIIT proves to be an effective method for enhancing the expression of MCT2, MCT4, and BDNF in aged rats, while its impact is less pronounced in young adults. This type of training can serve as an effective non-pharmacological strategy to improve cognitive function in the elderly by modulating lactate metabolism and age-related neural adaptations in the hippocampus. https://joeppa.sbu.ac.ir/article_105931.html Background and Purpose: Recent evidence suggests that exercise can increase levels of inflammatory markers in athletes, leading to greater fatigue and exhaustion, which may negatively affect athletic performance. One of the novel training methods that has gained attention in recent years is blood flow restriction (BFR) training. This type of exercise involves applying limited pressure to the vessels of the target area, enabling low-intensity training to yield similar effects as high-intensity workouts. However, studies examining the effects of BFR training remain limited, and no research to date has investigated the acute effects of sport-specific volleyball training with BFR. Therefore, the present study aimed to examine the acute effects of sport-specific volleyball training with and without BFR on serum levels of C-reactive protein (CRP), tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α), and erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR) in adolescent female volleyball players.Materials and Methods: Twenty adolescent female volleyball players (mean±SD, age, 15.2±1.03 years) were randomly assigned into either the BFR volleyball training group or the non-BFR (N-BFR) volleyball training group. Participants in both groups performed a 65-minute session of sport-specific volleyball training. The training included volleyball-specific drills such as spiking, receiving, blocking, and serving, conducted in a circuit format with an intensity of 17–18 based on the Rate of Perceived Exertion (RPE) scale. Throughout the training session, blood flow restriction cuffs were applied to the proximal part of the lower limbs in the BFR group, with the cuff pressure set at 140 mmHg. Blood sampling was performed before and after the training session, to assess inflammatory markers.Results: Serum levels of CRP significantly increased in both the BFR and N-BFR groups following the specialized volleyball activity (p<0.05); though, this increase was 160% in the BFR group and 100% in the N-BFR group. Additionally, ESR levels increased by 78% in the BFR group and by 63% in the N-BFR group (p<0.05). Nevertheless, serum TNF-α levels showed a significant increase only in the BFR group (p=0.001), with a 77% rise, whereas the change in the N-BFR group was 72%. Furthermore, between-group comparisons revealed no significant differences between the BFR and N-BFR groups for ESR (p= 0.469), TNF-α (p=0.951), and CRP (p= 0.367) levels.Conclusion: A single session of specialized volleyball training, with or without blood flow restriction, leads to an increase in inflammatory markers in adolescent female volleyball players. Despite the greater metabolic and mechanical stress induced by BFR training compared to the primarily mechanical load of non-BFR training, both modalities resulted in similar inflammatory responses. However, further studies with larger sample sizes are necessary to confirm these findings.  https://joeppa.sbu.ac.ir/article_106069.html Background and Purpose: Diabetes mellitus is a common and lifelong health-threatening disease that affects vital organs such as the heart, kidneys, liver, and central and peripheral nervous systems by disrupting glucose metabolism and energy homeostasis. Exercise is one of the important interventions for reducing complications of diabetes, including cardiomyopathy, which produces different effects depending on the type of exercise program. In this study, we examined the effects of 8 weeks of high-intensity interval training on blood glucose, weight, and fibrosis indices in the heart tissue of diabetic rats.Materials and Methods: Twenty-eight male Wistar rats (8-week-old) weighing approximately 200±50 grams were divided into four groups: 1) Control, 2) Exercise, 3) Diabetes, and 4) Diabetes + Exercise. Diabetic groups received a single dose of streptozotocin intraperitoneally. The exercise groups began progressive interval running on a treadmill at 85% of maximum speed for 8 weeks, so that the intensity of activity increased by 5% each week until the fifth week, while, the speed remained constant for the final 3 weeks. The duration of activity also increased from 38 minutes in the first week to 60 minutes in the eighth week. Active rest intervals between high-intensity exercise intervals were 1 minute and at a speed of 10 m/min. Fasting blood glucose and weight changes were recorded before diabetes induction, and 3, 5, and 8 weeks later. At the end of the training sessions, the expression of TGF-B1/SMAD-4 genes was evaluated using qRT-PCR by extracting heart tissue. One-way ANOVA was used to analyze the gene expression data, and the analysis of variance (4x4) design was used to examine the data for weight and blood glucose at . The level of significance was set at p≤0.05.Results: The diabetic groups showed significant (p<0.05) increases in blood glucose and fibrotic gene expression compared to healthy groups. Additionally, the weight change pattern showed a decreasing trend compared to healthy groups and also compared to pre-disease conditions. In addition, exercise in diabetic rats caused significant improvement in blood glucose from the fifth week after the disease onset. Weight recovery was also observed in the Diabetes+Exercise group compared to the non-exercised diabetic group. Furthermore, expression of fibrotic genes TGF-β1/SMAD-4 was significantly (p<0.05) reduced in this group. However, there remained significant differences in the examined factors between healthy and diabetic groups (p≤0.05).Conclusion: Although longer exercise duration would likely have greater effects on improving diabetes-related complications, 8 weeks of high-intensity interval training can be effective in improving cardiac fibrosis indices in diabetic rats and probably could improve disease-related disorders through controlling glucose metabolism and weight homeostasis.  https://joeppa.sbu.ac.ir/article_105857.html Background and Purpose: Obesity is a chronic metabolic disorder that is usually caused by long-term positive energy balance during human life, is associated with increased adipose tissue mass and leads to skeletal abnormalities, physiological disorders and functional deficits over time. Obesity increases the risk of progression of other chronic diseases and is usually associated with premature death. Obesity increases the risk of various types of diseases, including conditions that cause the development of more than 200 chronic diseases such as cardiovascular disease, cancer, cerebrovascular diseases, type 2 diabetes, hypertension, asthma, mental illness, polycystic ovary syndrome, non-alcoholic fatty liver disease, gastrointestinal reflux, gallbladder disease, rheumatoid arthritis In general, obesity directly and indirectly reduces the quality of life and imposes a lot of economic costs on the society. Obesity is associated with interruption in glucose metabolism and insulin function. Therefore, the aim of this study was to investigate the effect of exercise training alone and in combination with creatine supplementation on glucose homeostasis, insulin efficiency and muscle glycogen regulator proteins in high fat died-induced obese rat. Materials and Methods: 50 male Wistar rats (17±170 g) were divided into two groups of 10 control (standard food) and 40 high-fat diet (HFD). After 12 weeks after induction of obesity, 10 control rats and 10 rats from HFD group were killed. Then, 30 obese rats were randomly divided into three groups: control obese, swimming training and swimming training plus creatine supplementation. Finally, rats underwent oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT) and blood samples were taken to measure glucose and insulin levels. Also, the right SOL muscle was removed to measure the protein level of GLUT4 and glycogen synthase. For evaluation of protein levels of samples, Western blot technique, and for analyzing data, one-way ANOVA been used. P value for statistical differences set as 0.05Results: After 12 weeks of HFD consumption, obesity decreased glucose tolerance and insulin efficiency and increased fasting insulin and glucose in rats. Also, obesity reduced the protein levels of GLUT4 and muscle glycogen synthase. Ten weeks of training increased glucose tolerance, insulin efficiency and increased protein levels of GLUT4 and glycogen synthase. Compared with training alone, creatine supplementation combined with training synergistically increased glucose tolerance, insulin efficiency and muscle GLUT4 and GS protein levels (P<0.05).Conclusion: Creatine supplementation combination with swimming exercises increased the glucose metabolism and this effect is probably due to higher muscle glucose uptake and increased levels of GLUT4 and glycogen synthase proteins expression in skeletal muscles. https://joeppa.sbu.ac.ir/article_105885.html Background and Purpose: Regulation of autophagy, endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress, lysosomal activity and their relationship with oxidative stress have been proposed as underlying cellular targets in the treatment of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD); today, it seems necessary to investigate the changes resulting from NAFLD therapeutic interventions, especially exercise and dietary modification, on some hepatic markers in autophagy, cellular stress, and lipid metabolism. Therefore, the aim of this study was to investigate the effect of simultaneous intervention of interval aerobic training and mealworm extract on the expression of genes of bound immunoglobulin protein (BIP), C/EBP homolog protein (CHOP), malondialdehyde (MDA), and superoxide dismutase (SOD) in liver tissue of mice with nonalcoholic fatty liver.Materials and Methods: This experimental and applied study was conducted on 25 male Wistar rats, which were divided into five equal groups: 1- healthy, 2- diseased, 3- diseased + supplement, 4- diseased + exercise, 5- diseased + supplement + exercise. To induce NAFLD, the samples were fed a high-fat, cholesterol, and cholic acid diet for 12 weeks, and the healthy group received a standard rodent diet. After ensuring the induction of the disease, a moderate-intensity interval aerobic training protocol was performed, 8 weeks/5 sessions per week of treadmill running for a total of 30 minutes with gradual overload. The Mealworm extract supplement gavage was performed at a dose of 20 mg/kg body weight similar to the exercise days. Hepatic expression of BIP and CHOP genes was measured by Real-Time PCR and hepatic MDA and SOD concentrations were measured by Western blotting. The obtained data were analyzed through independent t-tests and two-way analysis of variance at a significance level of P≤0.05.Results: Based on the findings, in NAFLD model mice, increased hepatic levels of BIP, CHOP, and MDA and decreased SOD levels were observed. Exercise and mealworm extract, each alone and in interaction with each other, resulted in a significant decrease in BIP, CHOP, and MDA levels and a significant increase in SOD in NAFLD mice (P≤0.01). The effect size of exercise was higher than that of supplementation alone or the interaction of exercise and supplementation, only in increasing SOD.Conclusion: Simultaneous interventions of aerobic interval training along with mealworm extract intake may be effective in the treatment of NAFLD, possibly by reducing hepatic fat accumulation, ER stress, and oxidative stress, and their role in regulating autophagy; further research is needed to clarify the mechanism of the effect of these research interventions on BIP and CHOP genes and their mediating role in regulating autophagy and cellular stress. https://joeppa.sbu.ac.ir/article_106076.html Background and Purpose: Metabolic syndrome is recognized as one of the major public health challenges in the 21st century, which is associated with a set of risk factors including abdominal obesity, hypertension, hyperglycemia, dyslipidemia (increased triglycerides, decreased HDL), and insulin resistance. Recent studies have focused on the role of biomolecules such as ceramides in causing insulin resistance and metabolic dysregulation. Ceramides, which are part of sphingolipid lipids, play an important role in regulating insulin signaling pathways, inflammation, and apoptosis. In this regard, non-pharmacological strategies such as regular aerobic exercise and supplementation with antioxidants, especially vitamin C, have been proposed as strategies to improve metabolic disorders. The aim of this study was to investigate the separate and combined effects of aerobic exercise and vitamin C intake on insulin resistance, lipid profile, and serum ceramide levels in men with metabolic syndrome.Materials and Methods: In this quasi-experimental study, 40 men with metabolic syndrome were randomly divided into four groups of 10, including the aerobic exercise, the vitamin C supplement, the combination (aerobic exercise with supplement intake), and the control groups. The exercise program included eight weeks of running at an intensity corresponding to 50 to 70 percent of heart rate reserve in three non-consecutive days per week. Vitamin C supplement was also taken daily in the amount of two 500 mg tablets. Blood samples were taken 24 hours before and 48 hours after the final intervention session in a fasting state. Data were analyzed using a paired t-test and analysis of covariance.Results: After eight weeks of intervention, a significant decrease in the HOMA-IR index was observed in the aerobic exercise groups (p=0.001), vitamin C (p=0.001), and combination group (p=0.001) compared to the control group. The greatest decrease was found in the combination group, which was significantly different than the other two intervention groups (p<0.001). Significant improvements were also observed in lipid indices including significant reductions in triglyceride levels, LDL, and total cholesterol in three intervention groups compared to the control group, wherease HDL was significantly increased in these three groups compared to the control group.. In addition, serum ceramide levels decreased significantly in the aerobic exercise group (p=0.024), combined group (p=0.001) and vitamin C group (p=0.002) in comparisons to the control group, while no significant change was observed in the vitamin C group compared to the aerobic exercise group (p=0.999). The effect of aerobic exercise alone was also significant, though, the combined effect of exercise and vitamin C showed the greatest improvement in lipid profiles and ceramide levels.Conclusion: Based on the findings of this study it is concluded that both aerobic exercise and vitamin C consumption are independently effective in improving metabolic indices, though, their combination has a synergistic effect and leads to higher improvements in insulin resistance, lipid profile, and reduction in serum ceramide levels. These findings indicate the high potential of these non-invasive and low-cost interventions in the management of metabolic syndrome and probably prevention of its associated cardiovascular complications. https://joeppa.sbu.ac.ir/article_106023.html Background and Purpose: Environmental factors can play a role in learning and cognitive development during childhood and adolescence, when the brain is still developing. A variety of physical activities and environmental interactions can also help regulate the orexinergic pathway in the brain, which in turn affects stress responses, food intake, and energy intake. Orexin A is a key neuropeptide that plays a crucial role in various behavioral outcomes. This neuropeptide directly affects both central and peripheral pathways of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis. During brain development, the impact of environmental factors and lifestyle on cognitive and emotional development becomes more apparent. For example, environments that provide diverse stimuli and challenging activities can help strengthen the orexinergic system, thereby improving mental functions. The main aim of the present study is to compare the effect of an enriched environment and forced and voluntary training methods on the performance of the orexinergic system, followed by examining anxiety responses in immature male rats.Materials and Methods: In the present study, 60 immature male rats aged 12 days were selected and randomly divided into 4 groups of 15: forced training, voluntary training, play in an enriched environment, and control. After familiarization and performing the maximum speed test (25 days old, weight 43.51±7 g), the groups followed the relevant protocol for 3 weeks. The forced exercise group included endurance running on a treadmill, which was performed three times a day and 6 days a week, increasing. In the voluntary group, rats had unlimited access to a running wheel. For playing in an enriched environment, a large cage containing different enriched stimuli (toys, running wheel, and ladder) was provided. Finally, hippocampal tissue from several rats was isolated for biochemical evaluation. Brain levels of orexin A were measured using the Western blot technique. Then, the remaining groups were evaluated in an open field behavioral test. One-way ANOVA followed by a Bonferroni post hoc test was used to assess differences between groups. Data analysis was performed using SPSS statistical software version 26.Results: The results of the statistical test showed a significant difference in the amount of orexin A in the hippocampus of immature rats between the groups, which was significant between the forced training group and the control group (P=0.022). In the open field behavioral test, a significant difference was seen between the groups. The results showed that the level of anxiety in the training groups was higher than in the control group, and among the groups, the forced training group was higher than the voluntary training and enriched environment groups. Also, no significant difference was seen in general motor activity between the groups.Conclusion: It can be stated. that although physical activity and environmental factors led to an increase in orexin A levels in all three groups, forced training had a significant difference compared to the control group. Exercise and physical activity led to an increase in orexin A and, by affecting the HPA axis, led to anxiety-like behavior in immature rats. https://joeppa.sbu.ac.ir/article_106112.html Background and Purpose: Lung cancer is one of the most important causes of global mortality and oxidative stress and inflammatory factors play an important role in its occurrence and development. Probably regular exercise along with taking anti-inflammatory supplements can be effective in improving lung cancer through reducing oxidative stress and inflammatory factors, though, this is not well known and needs to be further investigated. Therefore, we aimed to investigate the effect of 12 weeks of swimming training and royal jelly consumption on the expression of JNK and activator protein 1 (AP-1) genes in mice with Benzo[a]pyrene -induced lung cancer.Materials and Methods: In this experimental study, 36 male Balb/c mice (age, 8 to 10 weeks; weight, 18 to 25 g) were randomly assigned to 6 groups: healthy control (n=6), sham (n=6), and experimental (n=24). Thereafter, cancer was induced by injection of 100 mg/kg body weight of benzopyrene, and the mice in the experimental group were divided into four subgroups of control with lung cancer (n=6), swimming training (n=6), royal jelly (n=6), and training + royal jelly (n=6). Swimming training was performed three times a week for 12 weeks. Royal jelly was also injected intraperitoneally at a dose of 100 mg/kg of body weight daily for 12 weeks. Forty-eight hours after the last training session, JNK and AP-1 gene expression were measured using Real-Time PCR. To analyze the data, a one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) test with Tukey post-hoc tests and two-way ANOVA with Bonferroni post-hoc tests were used.Results: Data analyses revealed that the expression of JNK and AP-1 genes in the lung cancer group was significantly increased compared to the healthy control group (p=0.001). Although the expression of JNK and AP-1genes were lower in the royal jelly group compared to the control cancer group (p=0.044, p=0.007, respectively), no significant differences were observed in the expression of these two genes between swimming training group and control cancer group (p=0.056, p=0.18, respectively). Finally, our result indicated that training + royal jelly group had the greatest decrease in expression of JNK and AP-1genes compared to the control cancer group (both p=0.001).Conclusion: According to the study results, it seems that swimming training along with the consumption of royal jelly has more inhibitory and protective effects on the expression of JNK and AP-1 genes in lung tissue compared to either of these interventions in mice with lung cancer. To generalize the results to human, further studies on human subjects are warranted. https://joeppa.sbu.ac.ir/article_106070.html Background and Objective: Exhaustive exercise induces fatigue that can compromise muscle performance, particularly in explosive movements such as the Sargent jump, which requires maximal power output. Caffeine, widely recognized as an ergogenic aid, may mitigate fatigue-related declines in neuromuscular function. This study aimed to evaluate the effect of caffeine consumption following exhaustive exercise on the electromyographic (EMG) activity amplitude of lower limb muscles during the Sargent jump in male students, hypothesizing that caffeine would enhance muscle activation post- fatigue. Methods: A randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial was conducted with 30 healthy male students aged 19–25 years, randomly allocated to an experimental group (n=15) and a control group (n=15). Both groups underwent an identical exhaustive exercise protocol, consisting of high-intensity aerobic cycling until volitional exhaustion, designed to induce significant neuromuscular fatigue. Post-exercise, the experimental group received 6 mg of caffeine per kilogram of body weight, while the control group received a placebo (a tasteless, caffeine-free solution). Electromyographic activity was recorded from eight lower limb muscles—medial gastrocnemius, rectus femoris, biceps femoris, semitendinosus, semimembranosus, vastus medialis, vastus lateralis, and gluteus maximus — during the Sargent jump in two phases: pre-test (before the exhaustive exercise) and post-test (after caffeine/placebo administration). EMG signals were captured using surface electrodes, normalized to maximum voluntary contraction, and analyzed for amplitude changes. Data were processed using two-way repeated-measures ANOVA in SPSS version 24, with a significance threshold of 0.05.Results: Statistical analysis revealed a significant time effect on the EMG activity amplitude of the medial gastrocnemius during the Sargent jump (P=0.039, d=0.258), with post-test amplitudes significantly lower than pre-test values, indicating fatigue-induced reductions. A significant group effect was observed for the rectus femoris (P=0.013, d=0.483) and biceps femoris (P=0.041, d=0.374), where the caffeine group exhibited significantly higher EMG amplitudes compared to the placebo group in the post-test. No significant differences were noted for the other muscles, suggesting selective effects of caffeine on specific muscle groups.Conclusion: Caffeine consumption post-exhaustive exercise significantly enhances the EMG activity amplitude of the rectus femoris and biceps femoris during the Sargent jump, likely due to its stimulatory effects on the central nervous system and reduction of neuromuscular fatigue. These findings highlight caffeine’s potential as an ergogenic aid for improving explosive power performance in fatigued states. Future research should investigate optimal caffeine dosages, timing of administration, and its effects across varied exercise modalities to further elucidate its ergogenic benefits. Keywords: Electromyography, Muscle fatigue, Rehabilitation, Performance-Enhancing Substances. https://joeppa.sbu.ac.ir/article_106639.html Background and Purpose: Exercise snacking has recently emerged as a novel, time-efficient, and practical strategy for improving metabolic health and cardiometabolic outcomes. This approach typically involves the distribution of very brief bouts of high-intensity exercise across the day, aiming to maximize metabolic stimulation while minimizing total time commitment. Although exercise snacking may improve glycemic control, aerobic fitness, and energy expenditure, human data comparing the effect of sprint-based exercise snacking and volume-matched intermittent-sprint exercise performed within a single session are scarce and we aimed to compare the acute metabolic and hormonal responses to these two exercise protocols in overweight men.Materials and Methods: In this randomized crossover design study 14 overweight men completed a single session of intermittent-sprint exercise (ISE), and a volume-matched intermittent-sprint exercise performed separately in the morning and afternoon (SES1 + SES2). Each sprint bout was based on a Wingate-style protocol. Respiratory gas exchange was continuously measured to assess excess post-exercise oxygen consumption (EPOC), respiratory exchange ratio (RER), and fat and carbohydrate oxidation, both cumulatively and at discrete time points, throughout a 30-minute recovery period following exercise. Venous blood samples were obtained at baseline, immediately post-exercise, and 30 minutes into recovery to determine concentrations of lactate, glucose, insulin, cortisol, the cortisol-to-insulin ratio, epinephrine, norepinephrine, glycerol, and non-esterified fatty acids (NEFA).Results: The findings demonstrated that the exercise snacking condition elicited significantly greater increases in EPOC, total energy expenditure, and cumulative oxidation of both fat and carbohydrate substrates compared to the volume-matched intermittent-sprint exercise condition (p<0.05). In contrast, glycolytic and sympathoadrenal responses, reflected by higher post-exercise lactate and catecholamine concentrations, were significantly higher immediately after the intermittent-sprint exercise session. Conversely, lipolytic markers, including circulating glycerol and NEFA concentrations, were significantly elevated during the late recovery phase following exercise snacking compared with intermittent-sprint exercise (p<0.05). No significant differences were observed between conditions for mean RER or point-specific substrate oxidation rates during the recovery period.Conclusion: These findings indicate that distributing sprint exercise across the day in the form of exercise snacks, despite identical total exercise volume and intensity, induces greater cumulative metabolic stimulation and post-exercise energy expenditure than performing the same workload within a single intermittent session. This pattern appears to promote a more favorable lipolytic environment during recovery, which may have implications for enhancing fat oxidation in overweight men. https://joeppa.sbu.ac.ir/article_106137.html Background and Purpose: Obesity is one of the major health problems in today's societies, which is associated with a wide range of diseases, including diabetes, metabolic disorders, and fatty liver. The increasing prevalence of obesity and sedentary lifestyles and the development of related diseases have led to the emergence of regular exercise as the basis for obesity treatment. Recent evidence also suggests that betaine consumption may be effective in improving obesity by affecting hepatic lipid and glucose metabolism. Therefore, in the present study, the effect of interval aerobic exercise combined with nano-emulsified betaine supplementation on the genes expression of mammalian target of rapamycin complex-1 (mTORC1), phosphatidyl inositol-3 kinase (PI3K), and calcineurin in hepatocyte cells of obese rats was investigated.Materials and Methods: In this experimental study, 25 male Wistar rats were divided into five groups (five rats in each group): 1- healthy, 2- obese, 3- obese + supplement, 4- obese + exercise, 5- obese + supplement + exercise. Obese samples were fed a high-fat and cholesterol diet for 12 weeks. Moderate-intensity interval aerobic training was performed for 8 weeks, including treadmill running for 30 minutes, 5 days a week, with gradual overload; the training protocol in the first week included 10 1-minute activity intervals (at a speed of 10 meters per minute) with 2-minute rest intervals (at a speed of 5 meters per minute), and the running speed in the activity intervals reached 16 meters per minute in the fourth to eighth weeks. High-amplitude ultrasound was used to prepare betaine nanoemulsion, which increases its serum stability and bioavailability. Nanoemulsified betaine supplement was administered by gavage at a dose of 50 mg/kg body weight before exercise. At the end of the study period, the expression of mTORC1, PI3K, and calcineurin genes in the liver was measured by Real-Time PCR, and the data were analyzed by independent t-tests, two-way ANOVA, and Bonferroni post hoc test at a significance level of P≤0.05.Results: Obesity significantly decreased mTORC1 and PI3K and also increased calcineurin (P=0.0001). Interval aerobic exercise significantly increased mTORC1 and PI3K and significantly decreased calcineurin (P=0.0001). Betaine supplementation also increased mTORC1 (P=0.002) and PI3K (P=0.0001) levels and decreased calcineurin (P=0.0001). Also, a statistically significant effect was observed in the interaction of exercise and supplementation on mTORC1 (P=0.0001), PI3K (P=0.0001) and calcineurin (P=0.021) levels.Conclusion: It seems that moderate-intensity interval aerobic exercise and betaine supplementation, independently and together, may play an important role in improving obesity-induced fatty liver by affecting the expression of mTORC1, PI3K, and calcineurin genes through regulating hepatic fat metabolism. https://joeppa.sbu.ac.ir/article_106139.html AbstractBackground and Objective: Type 2 diabetes is one of the most common metabolic disorders worldwide. Considering the complications and problems caused by diabetes, the use of herbal medicines can be a therapeutic and controlling method. Also, exercise is an important therapeutic component of type 2 diabetes. Given the limited information in these cases, the aim of the present study is to investigate the effect of 10 weeks of total body resistance training with chamomile extract supplementation on serum lipocalin-2 levels and glycemic indices in type 2 diabetic women.Materials and Methods: For this purpose, in a double-blind clinical trial, 44 inactive diabetic women aged 40 to 60 years (mean height 159.45 cm, weight 76.83 kg, age 51.25 years, BMI 30.24 kg/m2) were voluntarily selected and randomly divided into four groups of 11 people each, including the exercise + supplement group (T + Cham), exercise + placebo group (T + P), chamomile group (Cham), and placebo group (P). The intervention consisted of 10 weeks of TRX training and 3 sessions per week (with a pressure intensity of 13 to 17 Borg). The supplement and placebo groups received 3 500 mg capsules daily containing chamomile extract and corn starch powder. Lipocalin 2, fasting blood sugar, insulin, and insulin resistance levels were measured before and after the intervention. Data were analyzed using ANOVA, Tukey's post hoc and paired t-tests at a significance level of P ≥ 0.05.Findings: Blood glucose, insulin and insulin resistance index levels in all three study groups showed a significant decrease compared to the placebo group (P = 0.001). However, lipocalin 2 was significantly reduced only in the exercise+supplement and exercise+placebo groups compared to the placebo group (P = 0.001). Also, the exercise+supplement group had a significant difference in blood glucose, insulin and insulin resistance index variables compared to the exercise+placebo and chamomile groups (P ≤ 0.005). In addition, in the case of lipocalin-2, the exercise+supplement group had a significant difference compared to the chamomile group (P ≤ 0.005), but there was no significant difference compared to the exercise+placebo group.Conclusion: According to the findings, it can be concluded that performing whole body resistance training with chamomile extract supplementation can reduce fasting blood sugar, insulin, insulin resistance, and lipocalin 2 levels in women with type 2 diabetes and be beneficial in improving women's health. Also, this intervention can be used as a complementary and non-pharmacological strategy in improving the condition of patients with type 2 diabetes.Keywords: TRX, type 2 diabetes, chamomile extract, lipocalin 2, glycemic indices https://joeppa.sbu.ac.ir/article_106186.html Background and Aim: The aging process is associated with a state of chronic low-grade systemic inflammation, characterized by elevated serum levels of inflammatory markers such as interleukin-17 (IL-17) and interferon-gamma (IFN-γ). IFN-γ, a pro-inflammatory cytokine primarily produced by Th1 and CD4+ T cells, natural killer (NK) cells, and CD8+ T cells, serves as the primary activator of macrophages and plays a crucial role in both innate and adaptive cell-mediated immunity against intracellular pathogens. Considering the role of chronic inflammation in the development of age-related diseases and the importance of regulating inflammatory mediators, such as IFN-γ and IL-17, to improve the health of older adults, this study aimed to provide scientific evidence for the effectiveness of exercise interventions in reducing inflammation and promoting health in this population. Accordingly, the present study investigated the effects of a 12-week multicomponent exercise program, including aerobic, resistance, balance, and flexibility training, on serum levels of these cytokines in older men.Materials and Methods: This was a quasi-experimental, two-group study with pre- and post-test measurements. The statistical population comprised older men from Qom city. Thirty-six selected participants (mean age 66.88 ± 3.96 years) were randomly assigned to either the multi-component exercise group (n=18) or the control group (n=18). The exercise program, following the ACSM guidelines for older adults, was structured over 12 weeks with three sessions per week, incorporating a gradual progression in intensity tailored to participants’ capacities. Each exercise session included a 10-minute warm-up, the main exercise component (resistance, aerobic, and balance exercises), and a five-minute cool-down. Five milliliters of blood were drawn from the antecubital vein after a 12-hour overnight fast, and IFN-γ and IL-17 levels were measured using the ELISA laboratory method. Statistical analysis was performed using two-way repeated measures ANOVA with SPSS software, with a significance level set at p<0.05.Results: The multi-component exercise program resulted in a significant decrease in serum levels of both Interferon-Gamma (p < 0.001) and Interleukin-17 (p = 0.001). Specifically, in the exercise group, IFN-γ and IL-17 levels decreased by 23.20% and 53%, respectively. In contrast, no significant changes in the levels of these two cytokines were observed in the control group during the study period.Conclusion: The findings of this research clearly demonstrate that a 12-week multi-component exercise program, encompassing resistance, aerobic, and balance training, can effectively reduce key inflammatory markers such as Interferon-gamma and Interleukin-17 in older men. Therefore, these types of exercises can serve as a safe, effective, and non-pharmacological strategy for modulating immune responses, controlling chronic inflammation, and ultimately promoting overall health in the older adult population. https://joeppa.sbu.ac.ir/article_106302.html Background and Purpose: Obesity has been a health problem of growing importance worldwide; its prevalence is increasing in both developed and developing countries. Overweight and obesity are associated with an increased risk of cardiovascular diseases. Several studies have shown the relationship between obesity and cardiovascular diseases. It has recently been reported that functional training is effective in reducing the percentage of fat in obese individuals and can be used as a potentially useful strategy to combat obesity and inflammation. Given the role of obesity and chronic inflammation in the development of cardiovascular diseases and metabolic disorders and the importance of high-sensitivity C-reactive protein (hs-CRP) in the risk and incidence of cardiovascular diseases, the aim of the present study was to investigate the effect of high-intensity functional training on the expression of miR-637 and high-sensitivity Hs-CRP in obese and overweight women..Materials & Methods: In this quasi-experimental study, 20 overweight and obese women were randomly divided into two groups: high-intensity functional training (n = 9) and control (n = 11). Subjects in the training group performed high-intensity functional training 3 sessions per week for 8 weeks. The exercises were performed at an intensity of ≤ 7 on the pressure perception index. Before and after 8 weeks, anthropometric measurements and blood samples were taken to measure miR-637 and Hs-CRP. To examine and compare the differences between groups after the intervention, the analysis of covariance statistical test was used, and to examine the differences and changes within groups, the paired t-test was used. Analyses were performed at a significance level of P < 0.05, and SPSS version 16 software was used to analyze the data.Results: The results showed that after eight weeks of high-intensity functional training, body weight (p=0.00), body mass index (p=0.00), and fat percentage (p=0.00) were significantly reduced in the experimental group compared to the control group. Between-group findings showed that after eight weeks of high-intensity functional training, miR-637 was significantly reduced in the experimental group compared to the control group (p=0.001). After eight weeks, no significant difference was observed in Hs-CRP between the groups (p=0.097). However, within-group findings showed that Hs-CRP levels in the experimental group were significantly reduced in the post-test compared to the pre-test (p=0.004).Conclusion: The results of the present study showed that eight weeks of high-intensity functional training is effective in reducing weight and body fat percentage in overweight or obese women. These exercises may also be effective in improving the complications of overweight and obesity by reducing miR-637 and partially improving Hs-CRP. https://joeppa.sbu.ac.ir/article_106417.html Background and Purpose: Sarcopenia, a major consequence of aging and sedentary lifestyle,leads to reduced skeletal muscle function. Combining exercise interventions with anti-inflammatory compounds like curcumin may be an effective strategy to mitigate the adverseeffects of sarcopenia. This study aimed to investigate the effect of a period of resistance trainingand curcumin supplementation on the protein content of NF-κB, IGF-1, FOXO3a, and catalase inthe soleus muscle of female Wistar rats modeled with sarcopenia.Materials and methods:In this experimental study, 40 female Wistar rats with an average age of 12±1 weeks wereinjected with dexamethasone for 10 days as an animal model of sarcopenia and randomlydivided into five groups: healthy control (C1), sarcopenic control (C2), resistance training (RT),curcumin supplementation (CS), and combined resistance training and curcuminsupplementation (RTCS). The resistance training protocol involved ladder climbing at moderateintensity (60% MVCC), three sessions per week for 6 weeks. The supplementation groupsreceived curcumin (30 mg/kg, intraperitoneally) three times per week for 6 weeks. Soleus musclesamples were collected 24 hours before the intervention and immediately after the last trainingsession. Protein levels of NF-κB, IGF-1, FOXO3a, and catalase were measured using Westernblot. One-way ANOVA with Bonferroni post-hoc tests was used for data analysis.Results: One-way ANOVA revealed significant differences in NF-κB, FOXO3a, catalase, andIGF-1 protein expression among groups (P≤0.05). In the C2 group compared to the C1 group,NF-κB and FOXO3a expression significantly increased, while catalase and IGF-1 levelsdecreased (P≤0.05). The RT, CS, and RT+CS interventions significantly reduced NF-κB andFOXO3a expression and increased catalase and IGF-1 levels compared to the C2 group(P≤0.05). The greatest reduction in NF-κB and FOXO3a and the highest increase in catalase andIGF-1 were observed in the RT+CS group, where catalase and IGF-1 levels were notsignificantly different from those of the C1 group (P≥0.05).Conclusion: The findings of this study showed that induction of sarcopenia with dexamethasoneincreased the expression of NF-κB and FOXO3a proteins and decreased IGF-1 and catalaselevels in muscle. In contrast, resistance training and curcumin consumption each modulatedthese changes to some extent, but the combination of the two interventions had a stronger effect,and the greatest decrease in NF-κB and FOXO3a and the greatest increase in IGF-1 and catalasewere observed in the resistance training group with curcumin consumption, so that the IGF-1 andcatalase levels of this group were not significantly different from the healthy control group.These results indicate that the combination of resistance training and curcumin in an animalmodel of sarcopenia can be effective in modulating inflammatory and catabolic factors andpromoting anabolic and antioxidant indices. https://joeppa.sbu.ac.ir/article_106324.html AbstractBackground and Objective: Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) is a progressive metabolic disorder characterized by chronic hyperglycemia, insulin resistance, and impaired cellular energy homeostasis. One of the major complications of T2DM is its detrimental effect on the cardiovascular system, where prolonged metabolic stress leads to structural and functional alterations in cardiac tissue. Mitochondria, as the primary organelles responsible for cellular energy supply, play a crucial role in maintaining normal myocardial contractility and function. Among the key regulators of mitochondrial health are PGC-1α, SIRT1, and TFAM, which are strongly implicated in mitochondrial biogenesis and metabolic adaptation. Evidence indicates that diabetes downregulates the expression of these genes, thereby disrupting mitochondrial biogenesis. This impairment in mitochondrial biogenesis reduces cardiac energy availability, promotes contractile dysfunction, and ultimately contributes to the development of diabetic cardiomyopathy and heart failure.Consequently, non-pharmacological interventions such as structured exercise and natural compounds have gained attention as potential therapeutic strategies. High-intensity interval training (HIIT), owing to its intense and intermittent nature, has been shown to stimulate mitochondrial biogenesis and improve energy metabolism. Similarly, rutin, a natural flavonoid with potent antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties, has been reported to protect cardiomyocytes against oxidative stress and may also influence mitochondrial biogenesis pathways. Therefore, the present study aimed to investigate the independent and combined effects of HIIT and rutin supplementation on the expression of PGC1-α, SIRT1, and TFAM in the cardiac tissue of type 2 diabetic ratsMaterials and Methods: In this experimental study, 40 male Wistar rats with type 2 diabetes (induced by a single intraperitoneal injection of streptozotocin) were selected and randomly divided into five groups of eight: (1) diabetic control (DC), (2) normal control (NC), (3) high-intensity interval training (D+HIIT), (4) rutin supplementation, and (5) high-intensity interval training with rutin supplementation (D+HIIT+R).The HIIT groups trained for 4 weeks, 5 sessions per week (each session consisting of 5–6 intervals of 2 minutes at 80–90% of maximal running speed, interspersed with 1-minute recovery at 30% of maximal speed) on a rodent treadmill. Rutin-receiving groups were administered rutin orally via gavage at a dose of 100 mg/kg/day for 4 weeks. Data were analyzed using one-way ANOVA, and Tukey's post hoc test (p<0.05).Results: Induction of diabetes significantly reduced the expression of PGC1-α, SIRT1, and TFAM genes in the diabetic control (DC) group compared to the normal control (NC) group (p<0.05). Each of the interventions, high-intensity interval training and rutin supplementation alone, significantly increased the expression of these genes (PGC1-α: p=0.001; SIRT1: p=0.001; TFAM: p=0.001). Moreover, the combination of high-intensity interval training and rutin supplementation showed a significant effect in increasing the expression of PGC1-α (p=0.001), SIRT1 (p=0.001), and TFAM (p=0.001).Conclusion: It seems that high-intensity interval training and rutin supplementation, either individually or in combination, can improve the expression of PGC1-α, SIRT1, and TFAM genes in the cardiac tissue of male rats with type 2 diabetes. https://joeppa.sbu.ac.ir/article_106292.html AbstractBackground and Objective:Multiple sclerosis (MS) is a chronic, inflammatory, and autoimmune disease with multifactorial origins that significantly reduces patients' quality of life by impairing physical and cognitive functions. Physical activity has been shown to exert anti-inflammatory effects and neuroprotective actions, which may benefit MS patients by mitigating neural degeneration, particularly axonal damage. In the hippocampus, signaling pathways involving glycogen synthase kinase-3 beta (GSK3β), mechanistic target of rapamycin (mTOR), and caspase-3 play key roles in regulating cellular survival, apoptosis, proliferation, and metabolic homeostasis. Given the importance of these pathways, the current study aimed to investigate the effects of voluntary swimming exercise on the expression levels of GSK3β, mTOR, and caspase-3 proteins in the hippocampal tissue of male rats with cuprizone-induced MS.Materials and Methods:Twenty-one male Wistar rats (average age 12 weeks, 225 ± 16 g) were randomly assigned to three groups: healthy control, MS control, and MS with exercise. MS was induced by feeding a diet containing 0.5% cuprizone for 12 weeks. Disease induction was confirmed using the rotarod performance test. Following confirmation, the exercise group underwent a six-week voluntary swimming training protocol. In the first week, rats swam for 10 minutes without added weight, and the swimming duration increased by 5 minutes weekly. During weeks five and six, the duration was maintained at 30 minutes to ensure adaptation and avoid overtraining. After completion of the protocol, behavioral assessments were repeated, hippocampal tissues were extracted, and protein levels of GSK3β, mTOR, and caspase-3 were analyzed via Western blotting. Statistical analysis was performed using one-way ANOVA followed by Tukey’s post hoc test (significance threshold set at p<0.05).Research results:A significant increase in GSK3β and caspase-3 protein levels was observed in the MS control group compared to the healthy group (P=0.001), indicating enhanced apoptotic signaling.So Conversely, mTOR expression was significantly reduced in MS rats (P=0.001). Importantly, after six weeks of swimming, levels of GSK3β and caspase-3 were significantly decreased (P<0.001), while mTOR expression increased significantly in the exercise group compared to MS controls (P<0.001).Conclusion:The results of this Research suggest that swimming exercise leads to beneficial molecular adaptations in the hippocampus of MS-affected rats. These include the suppression of apoptosis-related proteins and enhancement of pro-survival signaling, which may contribute to hippocampal cell preservation. Therefore, voluntary swimming could serve as a promising non-pharmacological intervention to support neuronal health in MS.Keywords: GSK3β, mTOR, caspase-3, multiple sclerosis, physical activity, rat https://joeppa.sbu.ac.ir/article_106413.html ABSTRACTIntroduction: Myocardial infarction is one of the leading causes of death and its most important consequences include loss of cardiac cells and severe deformation of the extracellular matrix components. Matrix metalloproteinases are a large group of protease enzymes that play an important role in this change, increasing the level of metal sites and causing heart disease and its consequences. While studies have shown that physical activity reduces cardiac fibrosis and improves cardiac disorders after infarction, and can reduce free radical levels, increase mitochondrial biogenesis and nitric oxide synthesis, and by increasing FGF21 activity, can reduce the level of negative and inflammatory factors, for this reason, the aim of the present study was to investigate the effect of six weeks of endurance training on matrix metalloproteinases 2 and 9 in rats with myocardial infarction.Materials and Methods: In this controlled experimental study with a control group, 20 Wistar rats, eight weeks old and weighing 230±30 g, were randomly divided into two groups: endurance training + myocardial infarction and myocardial infarction after infarction induction with isoproterenol (150 mg/kg) subcutaneously. 24 hours after the induction of myocardial infarction, in order to confirm the stroke, blood samples were taken from the samples and transferred to the laboratory for troponin T analysis. An electrocardiogram test was also used to confirm the stroke, and both tests confirmed the myocardial infarction. The training group underwent an endurance training program intervention for six weeks, 3 sessions per week for 20 to 45 minutes at a speed of 13 to 18 meters per minute. 24 hours after the last training session and fasting and anesthesia using ketamine and xylazine, blood samples taken from the heart of the subjects were It was collected, transported to the laboratory, and examined using the ELISA method to assess serum MMP-2 and MMP-9 concentrations. To analyze the findings, the Shapiro-Wilk test and independent t-test were used with SPSS version 26 software, and Prism software was used to draw graphs. Also, a significance level of (P<0.05) was considered.Findings: The results showed that endurance training reduced serum levels of MMP-2/9 in rats with MI accompanied by endurance training, but the reduction in the levels of these factors was not significant, and the weight of the training group decreased more than the control.Conclusion: It seems that endurance training can reduce inflammation caused by heart attacks and reduce MMP-2/9 levels, but further studies should be conducted on the intensity and duration of training.Keywords: Endurance training, matrix metalloproteinase-2, matrix metalloproteinase-9, isoproterenol, myocardial infarction https://joeppa.sbu.ac.ir/article_106301.html Introduction: Epilepsy is a chronic neurological disorder and the fourth most common neurological disorder in the world, in which a person experiences two or more seizures without a known cause during their lifetime. Inflammation is one of the key factors involved in the exacerbation of epilepsy, increased neuronal excitability, and the onset of seizures. The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of eight weeks of moderate-intensity aerobic training on the levels of MRP8, TNF-α, and IRAK4 proteins in the hippocampus of epileptic rats.Methods: In this study, 32 male Wistar rats (4–6 weeks old) an average weight of 226.62±14.96 were divided into four groups: control(n=8), sham(n=8), epilepsy(n=8), and epilepsy + moderate-intensity aerobic training(n=8). After one week of the animals' adaptation to the laboratory environment, epilepsy induction was performed by intrahippocampal injection of kainic acid at a dose of one microgram using the stereotaxic method. To assess the success of epilepsy induction, the Racine Behavioral Scale was used. According to the Raisin scale, stage one was staring, stage two was automatic facial movements such as shaking (wet dog tremor), sniffing (nose movements), salivation, chewing, and head movements, stage three was all events of stage two with forelimb clonus and tremors, stage four was repeated tremors and forelimb clonus and falling, stage five was tonic-clonic seizures with running.The exercise group performed moderate-intensity aerobic training for 40 minutes per session, five days a week, for 8 weeks. At the end of the training period, 48 hours after the last session, the rats were anesthetized using a combination of ketamine and xylazine, and their hippocampal tissues were extracted. Protein levels of MRP8, TNF-α, and IRAK4 were measured using the Western blot method. To examine the differences in MRP-8, IRAK-4, and TNF-α levels between groups, a one-way ANOVA parametric test was used, followed by a Tukey post hoc test, and to examine the differences in the number of seizures, an independent t-test was used at a significance level of 0.05. All calculations were performed using SPSS software Version 21.Results: Moderate intensity Aerobic training significantly reduced the hippocampal levels of IRAK4 (P<0.0001, F=89/77), MRP8 (P<0.0001, F=184/00), and TNF-α (P<0.0001, F=60/57) in epileptic rats. Aerobic exercise also significantly reduced the number of seizures in epileptic rats (P=0.01, t=2.80).Conclusion: Regular aerobic exercise can effectively reduce neuroinflammation and improve epileptic conditions by lowering the hippocampal levels of inflammatory markers MRP8, IRAK4, and TNF-α. https://joeppa.sbu.ac.ir/article_106269.html Background and Aim: Nowadays, increasing muscle mass and implementing methods to improve recovery after exercise have become particularly important. Resistance training plays a crucial role in muscle growth and hypertrophy. Consuming various supplements, such as whey protein, after resistance training can also aid this process. Among different factors, sphingosine-1-phosphate (S1P) has a structural role in regulation, cell differentiation, and hypertrophy. This factor can significantly contribute to hypertrophy through exercise and supplementation. Whey protein, when combined with resistance training, can enhance muscle protein synthesis, improve exercise performance, and aid recovery, especially in younger individuals. The aim of this study was to examine the effects of six weeks of resistance training combined with whey protein supplementation on S1P and muscle hypertrophy in the gastrocnemius muscle of young male Wistar rats.Materials and Methods: In this experimental study, 23 male Wistar rats, aged eight weeks and weighing between 250 to 270 grams, were randomly divided into four groups: exercise + supplement, resistance training, sham, and control. They underwent a six-week training protocol consisting of five sessions per week, with three sets of five repetitions. The exercise involved climbing a one-meter ladder while carrying weight attached to their tail. In the exercise + supplement group, a whey protein supplement solution was also administered via gavage. The expression of the S1P gene was measured using Real-Time PCR, and muscle hypertrophy was assessed using a specialized scale. Data analysis included Shapiro-Wilk tests, one-way ANOVA, and Scheffé post hoc tests at a significance level of P≤0.05. Additionally, Prism software was used to plot the graphs. Results: This study showed that the level of S1P increased, and on average, the level of this gene was higher in the exercise + supplement group. However, to assess statistical significance, a significant increase in S1P gene expression (P=0.0001), muscle volume (P=0.016), and 1RM (P=0.0001) was observed between the exercise + supplement group and the exercise and sham groups. However, there was no significant difference in muscle volume increase between the exercise, sham exercise + supplement, and control groups (P=0.6).Conclusion: Based on the results of the present study, the significant difference observed in the exercise + supplement group compared to the other groups may be due to the effect of resistance training combined with whey protein supplementation on the increased expression of S1P and activation of the MAPK pathway, leading to increased weight and 1RM in the gastrocnemius muscle of young male Wistar rats. Therefore, it can be concluded that resistance training combined with whey protein consumption may have a synergistic effect on this pathway. https://joeppa.sbu.ac.ir/article_106443.html AbstractBackground and Purpose: Previous studies have shown that increased ventilation during endurance exercise leads to evaporation of the airway epithelial lining fluid (ELF) and imposes shear stress on the respiratory system. These conditions can compromise airway epithelial integrity and cause epithelial cell injury. However, the effect of exercise intensity on airway epithelial injury markers, including club cell protein 16 (CC16), surfactant protein-D (SP-D), and the CC16/SP-D ratio, remains unclear. Therefore, this study aimed to investigate the acute effects of high- and moderate-intensity endurance exercise on CC16, SP-D, and the CC16/SP-D ratio in healthy adult men.Methods: Twenty active healthy men (age, 22 ± 3 years; weight, 75 ± 8 kg; height, 1.82 ± 0.06 m; BMI, 23 ± 1.86 kg.m2) were randomly assigned to a high-intensity endurance group (HE, n = 10) or a moderate-intensity endurance group (ME, n = 10). Participants performed a single 20-minute continuous treadmill session at 85–90% or 65–70% of maximal heart rate (MHR), respectively. The initial treadmill speed was set at 9 km/h for the HE group and 7.5 km/h for the ME group. Blood samples (5 mL) were collected from the antecubital vein before (baseline) and one hour after the intervention. Independent t-tests were used to compare age, anthropometric characteristics (weight, height, BMI), lean body mass, muscle mass, and distance covered between HE and ME groups. Analysis of covariance (ANCOVA) was applied to compare study variables between groups, and paired-sample t-tests were used for within-group comparisons.Results: Based on within-group comparisons, serum CC16 (P = 0.008) and the CC16/SP-D ratio (P = 0.006) increased significantly after high-intensity endurance exercise, whereas SP-D levels did not show a significant change compared to baseline (P = 0.064). In the ME group, no significant changes were observed in CC16 (P = 0.759), SP-D (P = 0.072), or the CC16/SP-D ratio (P = 0.121) after the intervention. Between-group comparisons using ANCOVA indicated significant differences in CC16 (P = 0.021) and the CC16/SP-D ratio (P = 0.025) post-intervention, while SP-D levels showed no significant difference (P = 0.446).Conclusion: The results of the present study demonstrate for the first time that high-intensity endurance exercise elevates serum CC16 levels and the CC16/SP-D ratio without affecting SP-D concentrations. Moderate-intensity endurance exercise does not influence airway epithelial integrity markers. Further research involving larger and more diverse populations is warranted to confirm these results, clarify underlying mechanisms, and explore their clinical and physiological implications. https://joeppa.sbu.ac.ir/article_106475.html AbstractBackground and Aim: Obesity and overweight are recognized as major public health concerns in recent years, and their management requires multidimensional approaches. Regular physical activity not only improves body composition but also influences metabolic and inflammatory processes through the secretion of myokines. Among these, Leukemia Inhibitory Factor (LIF) is an exercise-induced myokine that plays a crucial role in glucose uptake, energy metabolism, and the modulation of inflammatory responses. On the other hand, yohimbine, an α₂-adrenergic receptor antagonist, acts as a lipolysis-stimulating supplement that affects metabolic pathways. Accordingly, this study aimed to investigate the effect of concurrent training combined with high and low doses of yohimbine on plasma LIF concentrations in overweight men.Materials and Methods: In this quasi-experimental study, twenty-four overweight men (age 24 ± 3 years, BMI ≥ 25) were randomly assigned to three groups: concurrent training + high-dose yohimbine (40 mg), concurrent training + low-dose yohimbine (20 mg), and control. The intervention lasted four weeks with three sessions per week, consisting of included compound movement resistance training and high-intensity interval training (HIIT). Supplements were administered in two daily doses. Body composition indices, aerobic fitness, muscle strength, and serum LIF levels were assessed before and after the intervention. Data were analyzed using paired t-tests and analysis of covariance (ANCOVA).Results: Both experimental groups showed significant reductions in body weight (P < 0.01) and body fat percentage (P < 0.01) compared to the control group. Specifically, the high-dose group experienced a 2.37% reduction in body weight, and the low-dose group a 1.83% reduction, while the control group showed a 0.37% increase. Serum LIF levels increased in both training groups, with the greatest increase observed in the low-dose group, which differed significantly from the high-dose and control groups (P < 0.01). Aerobic fitness and muscle strength also improved significantly in both experimental groups, though no significant differences were detected between the two supplementation doses.Conclusion: The findings suggest that concurrent training combined with yohimbine supplementation can improve body composition, physical performance, and serum LIF levels in overweight men over a short period. Considering the adverse effects of high-dose yohimbine, such as elevated blood pressure, and the superior effectiveness of the low dose in increasing LIF levels, concurrent training with low-dose yohimbine may represent a safer and more effective strategy for reducing metabolic and inflammatory risk factors in overweight individuals. Keywords: body composition, myokine, cytokine, aerobic fitness, concurrent training, physical performance https://joeppa.sbu.ac.ir/article_106527.html AbstractBackground and Objective: Heart rate variability (HRV) as an indicator of autonomic nervous system function is often impaired in sedentary smokers. Given the increased cardiovascular risk in this group and the limited studies available on the effect of aerobic exercise, the present study aimed to compare the effect of 12 weeks of high-intensity interval training (HIIT) and moderate-intensity continuous training (MICT) on frequency-dependent HRV indices in young male smokers.Materials and Methods: The present randomized controlled trial study was conducted with a pretest-posttest design on 30 sedentary male smokers. Inclusion criteria included physical activity of less than 90 minutes per week based on the IPAQ questionnaire and smoking at least five cigarettes per day over the past two years. They continued to smoke cigarettes during the study. The subjects were randomly divided into three groups: high-intensity interval training (HIIT) (10 subjects), moderate-intensity continuous training (MICT) (10 subjects), and control group (10 subjects). The mean and standard deviation of body mass index in the MICT groups were 23.23 ± 0.95, HIIT 23.06 ± 1.62, and control group 23.06 ± 1.62. The mean and standard deviation of maximal oxygen consumption in the MICT groups were 42.03 ± 2.53, HIIT groups were 41.27 ± 3.94, and control groups were 40.60 ± 1.93 mL/kg/min. The intervention was implemented over 12 weeks (36 sessions). The MICT protocol consisted of treadmill running at an intensity of 55–65% HRmax for 30–40 minutes. The HIIT protocol consisted of one-minute intervals of running at an intensity of 85–95% HRmax followed by one-minute active rest at an intensity of 45–55% HRmax, and 8 repetitions were performed from the first to the fourth week, 10 repetitions from the fifth to the eighth week, and 12 repetitions in the ninth to the twelfth week. The training volume of the two groups was matched based on total activity time and cardiovascular load, and the intensity was controlled with a Polar monitor. Measurement of frequency-based factors of heart rate variability (HRV) before and after the intervention was performed with a Holter device under standard conditions for 90 minutes. Data analysis was performed with Shapiro-Wilk, paired t-test, and ANOVA at a significance level of 0.05 using SPSS version 27 software.Findings: The Paired t-test showed that in the MICT training group, the levels of HRV parameters including TP, HF, and VLF increased significantly after the intervention (P≥0.05), while the LF parameter and LF/HF ratio experienced a significant decrease (P≥0.05). Similarly, in the HIIT group, a significant increase in TP, HF, and VLF levels was observed (P≥0.05), and the LF index and LF/HF ratio were significantly reduced (P≥0.05). No significant changes were observed in the control group. Also, in the intergroup analysis, the comparison of changes between groups using the ANOVA test showed that there were significant differences in the post-test values of TP, LF, HF, VLF, and LF/HF ratio between the MICT and HIIT training groups and the control group (P≥0.05). In the LF, HF, VLF, and LF/HF factors, the HIIT training group had a Significantly greater improvement compared to the MICT training group (P≥0.05). However, no significant difference was observed in the TP index between the two training groups (P≥0.399).Conclusion: Both types of exercise training interventions improve the frequency-based indices of heart rate variability (HRV) in sedentary young smokers; This effect could be due to positive changes in the autonomic nervous system. Considering the positive effect of HIIT training on some frequency-based indicators, this training protocol can be suggested as one of the appropriate approaches to improve cardiorespiratory function in sedentary young smokers. https://joeppa.sbu.ac.ir/article_106557.html Background and Purpose: Physical activity and exercise training are recognized as an integral part of the management and control of type 2 diabetes. Adipokines are a group of signaling proteins produced by adipose tissue and play a key role in regulating several physiological processes, including energy metabolism, inflammation, insulin sensitivity, and appetite control. Subfatin is a newly discovered adipokine secreted by adipose tissue and skeletal muscle. Studies have reported that subfatin increases insulin sensitivity and also has anti-inflammatory effects. Studies have suggested that low-volume high-intensity interval training may be an effective strategy to improve factors associated with the development of type 2 diabetes. The aim of the present study was to investigate the effect of low-volume high-intensity interval training on serum subfatin and interleukin-4 in men with type 2 diabetes. Materials and Methods: In this quasi-experimental study, 20 men with type 2 diabetes were randomly divided into two groups: low-volume high-intensity interval training (n=10, age= 50.70±4.27, height = 1.72±0.06, weight = 82.21±7.07, body mass index = 27.81±2.19) and control (n=10, age = 48.10±5.30, height=1.70±0.07, weight =80.56±6.16, body mass index = 28.13±4.13). Subjects in the experimental groups performed low-volume high-intensity interval training for three sessions per week for eight weeks. The subjects trained in two four-minute intervals (2 x 4 minutes) in the first to fourth weeks, and in three four-minute intervals (intensity 85 to 90% of maximum heart rate) in the fifth to eighth weeks, with three minutes of active recovery (intensity 65 to 75% of maximum heart rate). The total duration of the training session was 21 to 28 minutes. Before and after the intervention, blood samples were taken from the subjects. The concentrations of subfatin and interleukin-4 were measured using ELISA kits specific for human samples. The Shapiro-Wilk test was used to examine the normality of the data, and the Levene test was used to examine the homogeneity of variances. To examine and compare the differences between groups after the intervention, the analysis of covariance test was used, and to examine the differences and changes within groups, the paired t-test was used. The analyses were performed at a significance level of P<0.05, and SPSS version 16 software was used to analyze the data.Results: The results showed that after eight weeks, body weight (post-test mean =81.49±6.92, pre-test mean=82.21±7.07, effect size=0.258, p=0.026), body mass index (post-test mean=27.57±29, pre-test mean =27.81±2.19, effect size=0.271, p=0.022), body fat mass (post-test mean =22.22±97, pre-test mean=3.09±56, effect size= 0.214, p=0.046), fasting glucose (post-test mean =119.60±12.85, pre-test mean=134.80±11.16, effect size =0.366, p=0.006) and subfatin (post-test mean=3.26±38, test, mean pre-test=2.68±1.56, effect size=0.475, p=0.001) was significantly reduced in the low-volume high-intensity interval training group compared to the control group. However, no significant change was observed in interleukin-4 between the two groups (mean post-test =8.04±4.38, mean pre-test =7.19±2.70, effect size =0.080, p=0.241).Conclusion: The results of the present study suggest that low-intensity interval training with sparing training time may be effective in reducing weight and body fat mass, fasting glucose, and improving subfatin levels in patients with type 2 diabetes. However, this type of training had no effect on interleukin-4 levels. https://joeppa.sbu.ac.ir/article_106308.html Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is associated with metabolic dysfunction, high-fat diets, and sedentary lifestyle, leading to chronic inflammation, hepatic fibrosis, and an increased risk of cirrhosis and hepatocellular carcinoma. Given the limitations of drug therapies, exercise, as an accessible approach, plays a key role in improving lipogenesis control, reducing inflammation, and enhancing mitochondrial function. The aim of this review–bioinformatic study was to examine the interactions between exercise and non-coding RNAs (ncRNAs)—miRNAs, lncRNAs, and circRNAs—in the context of NAFLD, to identify ncRNAs modulated by exercise, and to reconstruct competitive endogenous RNA (ceRNA) networks related to lipid metabolism, inflammation, and bioenergetics. To achieve this, murine models (high-fat diet with/without exercise) were retrieved from GEO (GSE239729 and GSE226132), followed by a systematic search of PubMed, Scopus, Web of Science, and Google Scholar (2019–2025) using standard keywords. Preprocessing and normalization were performed in R (v4.5.0) with DESeq2, focusing on ncRNAs meeting |log2FC| ≥ 2 and FDR < 0.05. Annotations were obtained from Ensembl, NONCODE, LNCipedia, circBase, and circAtlas; miRNA targets were predicted using TargetScan and miRWalk; circRNA–miRNA interactions were obtained from starBase; and ceRNA networks were reconstructed in Cytoscape (v3.10.1). Functional enrichment (GO/KEGG) was conducted with clusterProfiler and DAVID. Integrated findings from the literature review and reanalysis showed that exercise consistently decreased miR-34a and increased miR-122; among lncRNAs, MALAT1 and HOTAIR decreased; and among circRNAs, circRNA_002581 decreased while circScd1 increased. The ceRNA networks predominantly targeted AMPK, SIRT1/PGC-1α, and PPARα axes, consistent with reduced lipogenesis (↓SREBP1/FASN), enhanced fatty-acid oxidation (↑CPT1/FAO), attenuated inflammation (↓NF-κB/TNF-α), and modulation of TGF-β signaling. Concordance of patterns between the two datasets confirmed the robustness of the exercise-driven, ncRNA-centered response, and sensitivity analyses with more permissive thresholds preserved key results. In summary, exercise remodels NAFLD liver by coordinated ncRNA reprogramming that reshapes gene-network architecture governing metabolism, inflammation, and mitochondrial performance. By integrating literature evidence with RNA-Seq reanalysis and ceRNA reconstruction, this study provides a practical conceptual framework for targeting ncRNAs, developing biomarkers of exercise response, and designing RNA-based interventions that mimic the effects of exercise. By integrating the systematic review with reanalysis of existing datasets and ceRNA network building, we show that the benefits of exercise are mediated through AMPK, SIRT1/PGC-1α, and PPARα pathways and align with ncRNA signatures (miR-34a↓, miR-122↑, MALAT1/HOTAIR↓, circScd1↑). This network map has clear clinical applications: (1) exercise-response biomarkers, and (2) RNA-based exercise-mimetic interventions targeting these hubs to optimize therapy and improve metabolic/inflammatory clinical outcomes in NAFLD. https://joeppa.sbu.ac.ir/article_106640.html Background and Purpose: Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is one of the most common metabolic disorders in today's societies, which occurs due to excessive accumulation of fat in the liver tissue without alcohol consumption and can be accompanied by inflammation, nonalcoholic steatohepatitis, fibrosis, and ultimately liver cirrhosis. One of the important pathways involved in the progression of this disease is the disruption of the regulation and synthesis of bile acids, as well as changes in the expression of hepatic transporters responsible for the absorption, excretion, and transport of these acids. Transporters such as Bsep, Ntcp, and Oatp play a fundamental role in bile acid homeostasis, and their inappropriate decrease or increase can play a role in bile acid accumulation, increased inflammation, and the progression of NAFLD. On the other hand, scientific evidence shows that lifestyle interventions, especially continuous exercise and the use of anti-inflammatory supplements such as omega-3, can have significant effects on improving liver function and regulating metabolic pathways. However, the simultaneous effect of these two interventions on the expression of bile acid transporters and the amount of bile acids in liver tissue has not yet been investigated in detail.Materials and Methods: In this study, 30 adult male Wistar rats were randomly divided into five following groups: healthy control, NAFLD, NAFLD + MICT, NAFLD + OM3, NAFLD + MICT + OM3. Rats were fed with high fat diet for 12 weeks. All animals received daily 25% sucrose in drinking water for 12 weeks. The training protocol consisted of four sessions per week for 8 weeks with a speed of 18–22 m/min for 50 minutes per session. The hepatic expression of bile acids transporters (NTCP and BESB) proteins was measured by Western blot method. The concentrations of colic acid (CA) and chenodeoxycholic acid (CDCA) were measured by ElISA method. Blood glucose levels and lipid profile were assessed using an autoanalyzer.Results: The findings showed that both continuous exercise intervention and omega-3 consumption independently significantly increased the expression of bile acid transporters and reduced the accumulation of bile acids in the liver tissue. (P<0.05) These effects included a significant improvement in the expression of Bsep (responsible for bile excretion into the canaliculus), an increase in Ntcp (a carrier of bile entry into the hepatocyte), and proper regulation of Oatp. In the combined group, these changes were more intense, such that the simultaneous exercise and omega-3 caused a synergistic effect and the highest level of increased expression of transporters and the highest reduction in bile acids were observed. Also, the apparent improvement of liver tissue in the combined group was more evident than in the other groups. (P<0.05)Conclusion: Our findings showed that both exercise training intervention and omega-3 consumption independently improved liver function by regulating the expression of bile acid transporters in the liver of NAFLD mice. Furthermore, the combination of exercise training and omega-3 consumption had a synergistic effect, providing a greater effect on maintaining bile acid homeostasis compared to either intervention alone. These results support the possibility of combining exercise training and omega-3 fatty acid consumption as an effective method for managing NAFLD and improving metabolic health in patients with NAFLD. https://joeppa.sbu.ac.ir/article_106835.html AbstractBackground and Objective: Metabolic syndrome is a common metabolic disorder that occurs as a result of the increasing prevalence of obesity. Studies show that meteorin-like hormone (METRNL), as a protein molecule and one of the new myokines, increases the rate of metabolism and heat production by beige adipose tissue. This hormone also increases fat metabolism in the body by inducing the production of anti-inflammatory cytokines such as IL-4 and also plays a role in reducing the production of inflammatory cytokines. The aim of the present study was to investigate the effect of 12 weeks of aerobic training on serum concentrations of meteoroid-like hormone, IL-4 and metabolic indices in men with metabolic syndrome.Methods: The method of this study was semi-experimental with a pre-test and post-test design and its statistical population included middle-aged men with metabolic syndrome with an age range of 40-60 years. Accordingly, 20 men with metabolic syndrome were selected as the research sample as available subjects and were randomly divided into two control groups (10 people) and aerobic exercise (10 people). The inclusion criteria for the study included having at least three metabolic risk factors and not having cardiovascular, respiratory and joint diseases and mobility limitations, and not smoking or drinking alcohol. The aerobic exercise protocol was implemented for twelve weeks (three sessions per week, for 60 minutes per session). Blood samples were collected in pre- and post-test conditions to measure serum levels of IL-4, meteoric-like hormone and other variables. Statistical analysis of data was performed using paired t-tests, independent t-tests and Pearson correlation coefficient using SPSS version 22 software at a significance level of p<0.05.Results: The results showed that in the exercise group, compared to the control group, serum levels of meteoric-like hormone (p=0.001), HDL (p=0.001) and maximum oxygen consumption significantly increased, and LDL (p=0.006), TG (p=0.015), TC (p=0.033)), insulin resistance index (p=0.001) and body composition indices BMI (p=0.033), PBF (p=0.001) and waist circumference (p=0.001) significantly decreased due to the exercise intervention. However, changes in IL-4 (p=0.32), blood sugar (p=0.25) and body weight (p=0.89) were not significant between the two groups. Also, no significant relationship was found between serum levels of meteoric-like hormone and IL-4 with insulin resistance, waist circumference and body fat percentage in the post-test (P <0.05).Conclusion: Aerobic exercise can be suggested as a suitable non-pharmacological method for activating the white to brown fat conversion pathway and improving metabolic risk indices for men with metabolic syndrome due to its increased levels of METRNL and favorable effects on metabolic risk factors. https://joeppa.sbu.ac.ir/article_106838.html Type 2 diabetes is associated with hippocampal neurometabolic dysfunction, increased oxidative stress, and decreased cognitive function, leading to diabetic encephalopathy. This systematic review and bioinformatics integration study aimed to evaluate the effect of exercise intervention and Spirulina supplementation on neuroenergetics/mitochondrial indices, oxidative stress, Type 2 diabetes is associated with hippocampal neurometabolic dysfunction, increased oxidative stress, and decreased cognitive function, leading to diabetic encephalopathy. This systematic review and bioinformatics integration study aimed to evaluate the effect of exercise intervention and Spirulina supplementation on neuroenergetics/mitochondrial indices, oxidative stressand behavioral outcomes of the hippocampus in diabetic rodent models. First, hippocampal general transcriptomic data (GEO/ENA) were analyzed; then, a comprehensive search based on PRISMA-2020 was performed in PubMed, Scopus, Web of Science, and gray sources. Screening and data extraction were performed by two independent reviewers, study quality was assessed with SYRCLE, effect sizes were standardized with Hedges’ g, and merged with a random-effects model in Comprehensive Meta-Analysis; Heterogeneity (I²), publication bias (funnel plot/Egger) and subgroup/regression analyses were reported based on intervention type, duration, intensity and timing. In the bioinformatics section, hub genes (such as PGC-1α/PPARGC1A, SOD2, UCP2, SIRT1/3, TFAM, AMPK) were extracted with PPI from STRING and WGCNA co-expression in Cytoscape, integrated with GO/KEGG enrichment in Enrichr and miRNA-mRNA network from miRTarBase/TargetScan, and the overlap of pathways/nodes with meta-analysis effects was measured via hypergeometric test. The results showed that exercise has a moderate to strong effect on improving mitochondrial biogenesis, energy homeostasis, autophagy/mitophagy, antioxidant response and behavior (g=0.72; 95% CI: 0.45–0.99; I²=42%), while Spirulina shows a moderate but significant effect (g=0.58; 95% CI: 0.31–0.85; I²=35%). In combined studies (exercise×Spirulina) it produced greater and more consistent improvements in metabolic/behavioral indices. Multilayer integration highlights the mechanistic convergence on the NAD⁺/SIRT–PGC-1α axis. Exercise mainly stimulates AMPK→CREB→PGC-1α/NRF1/TFAM transcription and Spirulina reduces oxidative/inflammatory stress through the Nrf2/ARE–SOD2 pathway. At the posttranscriptional level, key miRNAs (miR-23a/23b/696→PGC-1α; miR-34a/132/181a→SIRT1; miR-195/421→SIRT3; miR-146a/222→SOD2; miR-30e/miR-133a→UCP2; miR-590→TFAM; miR-451→CAB39/LKB1→AMPK indirect) explain the synergistic map. Each intervention alone is beneficial, but their combination is more likely to be synergistic and is more effective with circadian alignment (BMAL1/CLOCK). Limitations include the focus on animal models, heterogeneity in frequency/intensity/duration/timing, and lack of hippocampal-specific validation of miRNA interactions. Finally, the proposed precise therapeutic framework with 2×2 factorial RCT (HIIT/control × Spirulina/placebo), morning/evening scheduling, quality control of supplementation, and multimodal endpoints (cognition, hippocampal fMRI, BDNF, miRNA panel, and hub proteins) could facilitate cost-effective and biocompatible clinical translation to reduce the neurometabolic burden of diabetes.Keywords: Hippocampus/ Spirulina/ Bioinformatics/ Gene Networks/ Exercise Activity/ Diabetic Encephalopathy https://joeppa.sbu.ac.ir/article_106885.html Background and Objective: Obesity, as a chronic metabolic disorder, is associated with activation of inflammatory pathways, impaired energy regulation, and increased production of reactive oxygen species. Inflammation caused by obesity and exposure to acrylamide causes disturbances in the metabolic rate of liver tissue. In this study, the effect of the synergistic combination of enriched medium and cineole on the expression of key genes related to inflammation, metabolism, and oxidative stress in an obese animal model induced by a high-fat diet containing acrylamide was evaluated. Materials and Methods: 54 C57BL/6J mice were subjected to different treatments for eight weeks. Mice were randomly assigned to nine equal groups (each group containing 6 mice): (1) healthy control, (2) obese with a high-fat diet containing acrylamide (45% high-fat diet heated and enriched with 1000 ppm acrylamide), (3) obese with a high-fat diet without acrylamide (45% high-fat diet), (4) obese with an acrylamide diet and training in an enriched environment (The voluntary-exploratory physical activity protocol was implemented in an environment enriched with locomotor structures (ramps, platforms, ladders, carousels) and exploratory tools (chewable objects, tunnels) to assess the physical mobility and cognitive behaviors of rats in non-mandatory and low-stress conditions, eight weeks, five days/week, 60-90 minutes daily, low-moderate intensity), (5) obese with an acrylamide diet and cineole treatment (10 μM concentration by gavage), (6) obese with training in an enriched environment, (7) obese with cineole, (8) obese with an acrylamide diet, training in an enriched environment and cineole, (9) obese with an enriched environment and cineole (without acrylamide). Drug affinity results were based on pharmacophore modeling and molecular binding. Advanced biological data analysis was performed from microarray datasets. Gene expression was measured by Real-Time PCR from RNA extraction from liver tissue. Results: The use of the bioactive compound cineole in association studies improved the accuracy and computational efficiency and provides a potential strategic approach for designing protective agents that target PPARα-mediated metabolic pathways in liver tissue. Activity in enriched medium and cineole significantly increased the expression (P<0/001) of Sirt1, PPARα (P<0/001) and PPARγ (P<0/001) and significantly decreased (P<0/001) of CXCL15 and CYP2E1 (P<0/001) compared to other intervention groups. Conclusion: Analysis of biological data showed that the genes Sirt1, PPARα, PPARγ, CXCL15, and CYP2E1 play a key role in activating inflammatory pathways, disrupting energy regulation, and increasing the production of reactive oxygen species in the liver tissue of obese mice. The protective role of cineole and activity in an enriched environment modulates the expression of the mentioned genes. These two interventions can be considered as an effective approach in preventing metabolic disorders associated with obesity. https://joeppa.sbu.ac.ir/article_106899.html AbstractIntroduction and Aim: Beta-alanine (BA) supplementation is an effective factor in enhancing sports performance and delaying fatigue, particularly during lactate-based training or sports. However, its effects when combined with resistance training at different intensities on neuromuscular adaptation have not been well clarified. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to determine the effects of eight weeks of high- and low-intensity resistance training performed to failure, combined with beta-alanine supplementation, on electromyographic (EMG) activity and performance-related factors of the biceps brachii muscle in trained young adults.Methods: Sixteen resistance-trained young men (age: 23.0 ± 2.0 years; body mass index: 25.81 ± 4.89 kg/m²) were assigned to either a resistance training plus beta-alanine supplementation group or a resistance training plus placebo group. Participants completed an eight-week resistance training program (24 sessions) using a unilateral, symmetrical limb design with two training intensities (high and low). In both groups (supplement and placebo), one arm performed high-intensity resistance training (75–80% of one-repetition maximum), while the contralateral arm performed low-intensity resistance training (60–65% of one-repetition maximum), with all sets performed to failure in each set. Performance variables included training volume, strength, power, muscular endurance, and the maximal relative range of electromyographic activity of the biceps brachii muscle. These variables were assessed before and after the training period and analyzed using paired-sample t tests and analysis of covariance with SPSS software (version 27).Results: Beta-alanine supplementation with resistance training resulted in significant improvements in training volume (P = 0.001), muscular strength (P = 0.001), power (P = 0.037), and muscular endurance (P = 0.013) compared with resistance training combined with placebo. However, changes in EMG-based neuromuscular indices did not show significant differences between groups (P = 0.928). Additionally, low-intensity resistance training resulted in significantly greater increases in training volume compared with high-intensity training (P = 0.001), whereas no significant differences were observed between high- and low-intensity training for EMG variables (P = 0.822), muscular strength (P = 0.553), power (P = 0.603), or muscular endurance (P = 0.232).Discussion and Conclusion: Beta-alanine supplementation combined with resistance training may be an effective strategy for improving muscular strength, power, and endurance, although it did not demonstrate a significant effect on neuromuscular adaptation. In addition, beta-alanine supplementation during lower-intensity resistance training may allow a greater number of repetitions and higher training volume; however, it does not result in superior functional adaptations compared with higher-intensity training. Considering the importance of training volume in structural adaptations, the effectiveness of beta-alanine–induced increases in training volume should be investigated over longer training periods.Keywords: Resistance Training, Muscle Fatigue, Electromyography, Muscle Strength, βeta-Alanine. https://joeppa.sbu.ac.ir/article_106914.html Background and Purpose: The occurrence of systemic inflammation in prostate tissue is a factor in the progression of prostate cancer (PCa). The aim of the present study was to investigate the effects of simultaneous aerobic training (AT) with gallic acid (GA) on some inflammatory and anti-inflammatory markers of prostate tissue in rats with PCa.Material and Methods: 40 male rats (age 10- 12 months and weight 260- 300 g) with PCa (with the LNCaP cell line) were randomly assigned to the following groups: 1) PCa, 2) sham (solvent of GA/(Sh)), 3) GA, 4) AT, and 5) AT+GA. Also, to investigate the effect of prostate cancer induction on the research variables, 8 healthy rats were assigned to the healthy control (HC) group. The AT groups ran three sessions per week at an intensity of 15 m/min on a 15 degree incline for 30-60 minutes for eight weeks. The GA groups also consumed daily 20 mg/kg orally.Results: The levels of VEGF, IL-8 and CSF-1 in the PCa group were significantly higher than HC group (P=0.001). However, in the AT, GA and AT+GA groups, the levels of VEGF, IL-8 and CSF-1 were significantly lower than PCa group. The levels of IL-8, CSF-1 and VEGF in the AT+GA group were significantly lower than AT and GA groups. The levels of VEGF in the GA group were significantly lower than AT group, and the levels of CSF-1 in the AT group were significantly lower than GA group. (P=0.002).Conclusion: It seems that although AT and GA supplementation only share a common pathway in reducing IL-8, VEGF, and CSF-1, it seems that despite differences in some signaling pathways, these two interventions can simultaneously have a more favorable effect on improving the inflammatory signaling pathway in an animal model of PCa.Background and Purpose: The occurrence of systemic inflammation in prostate tissue is a factor in the progression of prostate cancer (PCa). The aim of the present study was to investigate the effects of simultaneous aerobic training (AT) with gallic acid (GA) on some inflammatory and anti-inflammatory markers of prostate tissue in rats with PCa.Material and Methods: 40 male rats (age 10- 12 months and weight 260- 300 g) with PCa (with the LNCaP cell line) were randomly assigned to the following groups: 1) PCa, 2) sham (solvent of GA/(Sh)), 3) GA, 4) AT, and 5) AT+GA. Also, to investigate the effect of prostate cancer induction on the research variables, 8 healthy rats were assigned to the healthy control (HC) group. The AT groups ran three sessions per week at an intensity of 15 m/min on a 15 degree incline for 30-60 minutes for eight weeks. The GA groups also consumed daily 20 mg/kg orally.Results: The levels of VEGF, IL-8 and CSF-1 in the PCa group were significantly higher than HC group (P=0.001). However, in the AT, GA and AT+GA groups, the levels of VEGF, IL-8 and CSF-1 were significantly lower than PCa group. The levels of IL-8, CSF-1 and VEGF in the AT+GA group were significantly lower than AT and GA groups.The levels of VEGF in the GA group were significantly lower than AT group, and the levels of CSF-1 in the AT group were significantly lower than GA group. (P=0.002). https://joeppa.sbu.ac.ir/article_106915.html Background and Purpose: Diabetes is associated with low-grade inflammation and plays multiple roles in its pathogenesis. Controlling inflammatory factors as a therapeutic strategy has attracted much attention. NLRP3 is a protein complex that plays a key role in innate immune responses and inflammation. This protein creates an inflammatory environment by stimulating the production of proinflammatory cytokines such as IL-1β, which disrupts insulin signaling and causes insulin resistance. IL-1β activates the c-Jun N-terminal kinases(JNK), causing serine phosphorylation of the insulin receptor substrate 1, inhibiting the expression of the protein kinase Akt, and impairing the PI3K/Akt insulin signaling pathway in insulin-sensitive tissues, leading to insulin resistance. The present study aimed to determine the effect of eight weeks of combined training on the expression of NLRP3 and IL-1β genes in the liver tissue of male diabetic Wistar rats.Materials and Methods: In the present experimental study, 30 male Wistar rats, 8 weeks old and weighing 200-250 g, were randomly divided into three groups: healthy control, diabetic control, and diabetic exercise groups. To induce diabetes, 55 mg of streptozotocin per kilogram of body weight of the rats was injected intraperitoneally. The diabetic exercise group performed a combined training program for eight weeks, five days a week. The resistance training program included 8 to 15 times of climbing the steps of a ladder while carrying weights equivalent to 3% of the rats' body weight, and the endurance training program included running on a treadmill at a speed of 15 m/min for 15 minutes to 20 m/min for 40 minutes. SPSS software version 24 and one-way ANOVA tests and Tukey's post hoc test were used for data analysis at a significance level of P<0.05.Results: The expression level of NLRP3 gene in the diabetic control group was significantly higher than that in the healthy control and diabetic exercise groups (P=0.001). The expression level of this gene in the diabetic exercise group was significantly reduced compared to the diabetic control group. (P=0.001). However, it was significantly higher compared to the healthy control group (P=0.001). The expression levels of IL-1β gene in the diabetic control group were significantly higher than that in the healthy control and diabetic exercise groups (P=0.001). The expression level of this gene in the diabetic exercise group was significantly reduced compared to the diabetic control group (P=0.001). However, it was significantly higher compared to the healthy control group (P=0.001).Conclusion: Eight weeks of combined training resulted in a significant reduction in the expression of NLRP3 and IL-1β genes in the liver tissue of diabetic rats. https://joeppa.sbu.ac.ir/article_106919.html Background and Objective: Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is the most common chronic liver disease in most parts of the world. The pathological spectrum of this disease is associated with different clinical prognoses; and it can generally be divided into two types: nonalcoholic fatty liver (NAFL) and nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH). In nonalcoholic fatty liver disease, hepatic steatosis manifests itself without inflammation, but in nonalcoholic steatohepatitis, steatosis manifests itself with liver inflammation, which is difficult to differentiate pathologically from alcoholic steatohepatitis. Myonectin, LECT2, FGF21, and fetoin A are known as key biomarkers in the pathogenesis of NAFLD; myonectin and LECT2 increase inflammatory levels, FGF21 modulates insulin resistance, and fetoin A plays a role in regulating lipid metabolism. This study investigated the effects of 12 weeks of high-intensity continuous training (HICT) intervention with curcumin supplementation on serum levels of these biomarkers in men with NAFLD.Materials and Methods: In this randomized controlled trial, 60 men aged 30-40 years were divided into four groups: training + curcumin (n = 15), continuous training (n = 15), curcumin supplementation (n = 15), and placebo group (n = 15); the high-intensity continuous training group training protocol consisted of 30 minutes of running at an intensity of 75-90% of maximum oxygen consumption. In the first session, training began at an intensity of 75% of maximum oxygen consumption, and gradually, as the subjects' fitness improved, the training intensity was increased by 5% each week; after reaching an intensity of 90%, this condition was maintained until the end of the protocol and the intake of curcumin supplement was one tablet daily for 12 weeks. Serum levels of biomarkers were measured before and after the intervention by ELISA.Results: The results of the two-by-two analysis of variance test showed that the changes in photoin A, FGF21, LECT2 and myonectin were significant after the exercise intervention, so that the changes in photoin A, FGF21, LECT2 in the curcumin supplement, supplement + exercise and exercise groups had a significant decrease compared to the placebo group, and myonectin also showed a significant increase in the curcumin supplement, supplement + exercise and exercise groups (P<0.05). The results of the paired t-test showed that the within-group changes in photoin A, FGF21, LECT2 and myonectin in the curcumin supplement, supplement + exercise and exercise groups were significant (P<0.05). The findings related to the lipid profile showed that HDL levels increased significantly after the exercise intervention and curcumin supplementation in the curcumin intervention and high-intensity continuous exercise groups compared to the placebo group. Also, the levels of triglycerides, LDL and cholesterol in the curcumin supplement, supplement + exercise and exercise groups were significantly reduced compared to the placebo group (P<0.05). Also, the within-group results in HDL, triglycerides, LDL and cholesterol levels showed a significant difference compared to the pre-test (P<0.05).Conclusion: These findings indicate the potential of HICT with curcumin as a non-invasive strategy in the management of NAFLD through the regulation of serum biomarkers. Future studies with larger samples and long-term follow-up are recommended. https://joeppa.sbu.ac.ir/article_106938.html Resistance training (RT) is recognized as one of the most effective interventions for increasing strength and muscle hypertrophy. It induces key processes like protein synthesis, satellite cell activation, and neural-hormonal adaptations through mechanisms such as mechanical tension and metabolic stress, ultimately leading to muscle hypertrophy. Hypertrophy refers to an increase in muscle fiber size. Studies have shown that both heavy and light resistance training can result in hypertrophy, though heavy loads are more effective for strength, while lighter loads are better for metabolic stimuli and muscular endurance. The primary aim of this study was to examine the persistence of muscular hypertrophy following a period of detraining after resistance training, with an emphasis on the role of mechanical and metabolic stresses and muscle fiber type. This research specifically addressed differences in the effects of mechanical and metabolic stimuli on the maintenance of muscular adaptations after detraining. Resistance training is commonly performed using heavy loads with low repetitions or light loads with high repetitions, each of which leads to muscular hypertrophy through distinct mechanisms. In contrast, detraining can gradually weaken the muscle adaptations from resistance training, leading to muscle mass and strength loss. However, early losses are primarily neurological, involving reduced force development rates and coordination. With prolonged detraining, there is a noticeable reduction in type II fiber cross-sectional area and strength. However, muscle memory results in faster recovery due to an increase in muscle nuclei during training. Muscle memory highlights the importance of investigating training stimuli in the quality and longevity of muscle adaptations. Even after long-term detraining, muscles recover quickly when restimulated by resistance training. Despite substantial evidence on resistance training and muscle memory, little is known about how hypertrophy persists with mechanical versus metabolic loading, especially during detraining. This review provides evidence-based consideration that changes in muscle cross-sectional area, muscle volume, and dynamic muscle strength, particularly during long-term detraining periods, may depend on the type of training stimulus, muscle fiber type and the duration of detraining. In addition, muscle memory indicated that muscular adaptations induced by resistance training are maintained even during detraining periods, and the return to previous levels of adaptation after the resumption of training occurs more rapidly than during the initial phase. This review study, by synthesizing the available evidence, proposes the necessity of conducting research on the persistence of muscle hypertrophy after a period of detraining following resistance training, with a focus on the role of mechanical, metabolic, and muscle fiber types in healthy young individuals. https://joeppa.sbu.ac.ir/article_106975.html AbstractObesity is a multifactorial and complex disease that is influenced by genetic, environmental, behavioral, and metabolic factors, and its prevalence and burden are continuously increasing across different populations worldwide. This condition is not merely considered a cosmetic issue or an imbalance in energy regulation, but rather a systemic disorder that can affect the function of numerous organs and physiological systems throughout the body. One of the major consequences of obesity is the development and persistence of inflammation in various body tissues—an inflammation that is typically chronic and low‑grade, and over time can contribute to the onset of metabolic and cardiovascular diseases. This inflammatory process arises from several mechanisms, including increased activity of the immune system, alterations in adipocyte function, and the continuous release of cytokines and other inflammatory molecules that disrupt the body’s physiological balance. Chronic inflammation associated with obesity can trigger a series of biochemical and metabolic changes that ultimately impair overall health and increase the risk of developing metabolic diseases. Therefore, understanding the mechanisms related to inflammation in obesity and its consequences can play an important role in designing effective interventions to improve the health of affected individuals. Therefore, the present study aimed to investigate the regulation of the inflammatory markers TGF- β and IL-10 following high-intensity interval training and electrical stimulation in obese rats under calorie restriction.Methods: In this experimental study, 35 male Wistar rats (eight weeks old, weighing 200±19 g) were randomly divided after obesity induction into five groups of seven: obese without calorie restriction (control), obese with calorie restriction, calorie restriction–high intensity interval training, calorie restriction–electrical stimulation, and calorie restriction–high intensity interval training–electrical stimulation. The groups underwent a calorie restriction protocol (16 hours of food intake, 8 hours fasting), four weeks of interval training (speed 10 to 20 m/min for 20 to 40 minutes), and electrical stimulation (0.5 mA for 20 minutes). Two days after the interventions, adipose tissuesampling was performed, and gene expression was measured using real-time PCR. Data were analyzed using one-way ANOVA at a significance level of p<0.05 with GraphPad software. Findings: The results of this study showed that HIIT significantly reduced TGF β gene expression (F=0.9, P=0.966) and IL-10 gene expression (F=10, p<0.0001) compared to the control group. Additionally, the combination of HIIT with electrical stimulation led to a significant increase in TGFβ (F=26, p<0.0001) and IL-10 (F=16, p<0.0001) compared to the control group. Conclusion: It appears that exercise training and electrical stimulation during calorie restriction, by reducing inflammatory gene expression in obese samples, positively influence their physical health and contribute to the improvement of obesity-related complications. https://joeppa.sbu.ac.ir/article_106978.html Background and Objective: Nitric oxide (NO) precursor supplements have garnered significant interest among athletes and are commonly incorporated into the formulation of many pre-workout supplements. It is believed that these supplements may enhance athletic performance by increasing nitric oxide levels through both enzymatic and non-enzymatic pathways. Therefore, the synergistic effect of combining the supplements that elevate nitric oxide levels may have a significant impact on exercise performance. This study aimed to investigate the acute effect of a combination of NO precursors, comprising beetroot juice, L-arginine, and L-citrulline, on serum nitric oxide levels and exercise performance in trained men.Methods: In a double-blind, placebo-controlled, crossover trial, 13 trained male athletes were recruited. Participants were randomly assigned to receive either the supplement (beetroot juice [240 mgr nitrate ≈ 4 mmol], 3 g L-arginine, and 3 g L-citrulline) or placebo before an exhaustive exercise test on separate sessions. Blood samples were collected at three time points from antecubital vain immediately before supplementation, before the exercise, and after the exhaustive exercise. Serum levels of nitric oxide and lactate in addition to some measures of exercise performance were assessed. Data were analyzed using repeated measures analysis of variance (ANOVA) and paired t-tests at a significance level of p < 0.05.Results: data indicated that serum Nitric oxide metabolites(NOx) levels increased significantly following supplementation with the combination of NO precursors compared to the placebo (from 44.25 µmol/L to 163.25 µmol/L upon supplementation; from 47.83 µmol/L to 57.50 µmol/L upon placebo intake; p = 0.001) and remained significantly elevated after the exhaustive exercise (from 163.25 µmol/L to 172.08 µmol/L upon supplementation; from 57.50 µmol/L to 70.83 µmol/L upon placebo intake; p = 0.001). Serum lactate levels also increased following the exhaustive exercise (from 18.76 mg/dl to 83.76 mg/dl with supplementation; from 13.29 mg/dl to 80.84 mg/dl with placebo); however, supplementation had no significant effect on lactate response to exercise (p > 0.05). Average heart rate and rate of perceived exertion increased by exercise protocol (p = 0.001). Regarding performance measures, average heart rate (145.89 vs. 151.60) and ratings of perceived exertion (15.38 vs. 16.07) were significantly lower with the supplement condition compared to the placebo (p = 0.001). However, no significant difference was observed in the time to exhaustion (p > 0.05).Conclusion: Acute supplementation with a combination of NO precursors significantly increased serum nitric oxide metabolites concentration and slightly reduced the subjective perception of fatigue during exhaustive exercise. Nevertheless, it had no significant effect on time to exhaustion during the exhaustive exercise test. Therefore, based on the current data, an acute increase in serum nitric oxide alone seems insufficient to significantly delay exhaustion in trained men. https://joeppa.sbu.ac.ir/article_106981.html Background and Purpose:Obesity is one of the most important metabolic disorders of modern life and is associated with insulin resistance, low-grade chronic inflammation, oxidative stress, and impaired liver function. Among the emerging biomarkers involved in obesity-related metabolic disturbances, the hepatokines Fetuin-A and Fetuin-B have received increasing attention due to their associations with obesity, non-alcoholic fatty liver disease, and metabolic dysfunction. In parallel, exercise training and nutritional interventions are considered effective non-pharmacological strategies for improving these abnormalities. Therefore, the present study aimed to investigate the effects of 12 weeks of combined functional and aerobic training with folic acid supplementation on selected hepatokines in obese men.Methods:This study was designed as a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled clinical trial with a pretest–posttest format. Forty-four obese men aged 23–32 years were voluntarily recruited according to the inclusion and exclusion criteria and were homogeneously assigned into four groups (n=11 each): control-placebo, supplement, training-placebo, and training-supplement. The intervention lasted 12 weeks and included 40 minutes of functional training consisting of stability, strength, and intermittent exercise blocks, followed by treadmill running at 50–60% of maximum heart rate. Participants in the supplementation groups received 500 µg folic acid daily, whereas placebo groups received visually identical cornstarch tablets. Fasting blood samples were collected 48 hours before and 48 hours after the intervention, and plasma Fetuin-A and Fetuin-B concentrations were measured using ELISA. Data were analyzed using Shapiro–Wilk and Levene’s tests, paired t-test, ANCOVA, Bonferroni post hoc test, and Pearson correlation coefficient in SPSS version 26.Results:The findings revealed significant time × group interactions for body weight, body mass index, Fetuin-A, and Fetuin-B (P=0.001). Body weight decreased significantly only in the training-supplement group (P=0.001), whereas body mass index significantly decreased in the training (P=0.012) and training-supplement groups (P=0.001). In addition, Fetuin-A levels significantly decreased in the supplement (P=0.001), training (P=0.001), and training-supplement (P=0.001) groups, while Fetuin-B levels significantly decreased in the supplement (P=0.049), training (P=0.009), and training-supplement (P=0.001) groups, with no significant changes in the control group. The greatest reductions in both hepatokines were observed in the training-supplement group. A significant positive correlation was also found between Fetuin-A and Fetuin-B (r=0.617, P<0.001). Moreover, both hepatokines were positively correlated with body weight.Conclusion:Twelve weeks of combined functional and aerobic training, particularly when accompanied by folic acid supplementation, reduced Fetuin-A and Fetuin-B levels in obese men. These effects may be mediated through improved insulin sensitivity, reduced low-grade inflammation, enhanced antioxidant status, and improved hepatic metabolic function. Therefore, combining exercise training with folic acid supplementation may represent an effective strategy for improving obesity-related metabolic disturbances. https://joeppa.sbu.ac.ir/article_106991.html Introduction : Obesity and prediabetes are major risk factors for type 2 diabetes and cardiovascular disease and are associated with insulin resistance, chronic adipose tissue inflammation, and impaired secretion of adipokines and myokines. Irisin, as a myokine induced by muscle contraction in response to exercise, and TGF-β2, as a regulatory factor associated with metabolic tissues including adipose tissue, play important roles in improving insulin sensitivity, increasing energy expenditure, stimulating fat oxidation, and regulating glucose metabolism. Exercise activities, especially high-intensity interval exercise and moderate-intensity continuous exercise protocols, can induce significant changes in metabolic and hormonal responses in the short term, which play an important role in the acute regulation of glucose and lipid homeostasis in obese and prediabetic individuals. The aim of this study was to compare the acute effects of HIIE and MICE on serum irisin and TGF-β2 levels in obese men with prediabetes.Methods: The study was conducted as a semi-experimental, crossover, randomized, double-blind trial on 8 prediabetic men aged 30–50 years (BMI ≥ 30 kg/m²) based on ADA criteria. The HIIE protocol consisted of 1×8 minutes of activity at 100% Wmax with 1 minute of active recovery at 50% Wmax (total 16 minutes), and the MICE protocol involved approximately 30 minutes of activity at 50% Wmax; both protocols were designed to be isocaloric. Blood sampling was performed at three time points (baseline, immediately post-activity, and 24 hours later), and serum levels of irisin, TGF-β2, and glucose were measured using ELISA. In this study, data were analyzed using descriptive indices (mean, standard deviation, percent change), the Shapiro-Wilk test for normality, repeated measures ANOVA, and Bonferroni's post-hoc test (significance level 0.05) in GraphPad Prism version 9.5.eight prediabetic men aged 30–50 years (BMI ≥ 30 kg/m²), classified according to American Diabetes Association criteria. The High-Intensity Interval Exercise (HIIE) protocol consisted of 8 × 1 minutes of exercise at 100% Wmax interspersed with 1-minute active recovery at 50% Wmax (total: 16 minutes), while the moderate-intensity continuous exercise (MICE) protocol involved approximately 30 minutes of continuous activity at 50% Wmax. Both protocols were designed to be isocaloric. Blood samples were collected at three time points (baseline, immediately post-exercise, and 24 hours post-exercise), and serum levels of irisin, TGF-β2, and glucose were measured using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA).Results: Both protocols significantly increased irisin (HIIE: +17.1% immediately, +27.1% at 24 h; MICE: +9.7% and +16.7%; p=0.001 for time and interaction) and TGF-β2 (HIIE: +9.4% and +14.2%; MICE: +4.6% and +10%; p=0.001). Although HIIE elicited larger increases, differences between protocols were not significant (p>0.4). Glucose rose immediately after HIIE but decreased significantly 24 h post-exercise in both conditions, with a greater reduction following HIIE. No changes occurred in the control (rest) condition.Conclusion: Overall, both acute HIIE and MICE protocols lead to increased serum levels of Irisin and TGF-\beta 2, along with significant improvements in glycemic control within the 24 hours following exercise. However, due to its more challenging nature, HIIE tends to elicit a more pronounced physiological response. These findings emphasize the key role of exercise intensity in the optimal stimulation of beneficial adipokines cytokines and the facilitation of metabolic pathways for enhanced blood glucose management in obese men with prediabetes. Therefore, future studies with larger sample sizes, long-term interventions, and the assessment of a broader range of molecular markers are recommended to achieve a more precise understanding of the underlying mechanisms. https://joeppa.sbu.ac.ir/article_107021.html AbstractBackground and Objective: Obesity, as one of the major public health problems, is increasing as a result of decreased physical activity and lifestyle changes and is associated with the incidence of chronic diseases and various cancers. About 25% of cancer cases are related to overweight and inactivity. Among them, breast cancer, as the most common cancer in women, increases under the influence of metabolic, hormonal and inflammatory mechanisms caused by obesity. Evidence suggests a direct relationship between the risk of breast cancer and IGF-1 and IGFALS levels. However, the effect of exercise activities, especially aerobic exercise, on these IGF-1 and IGFALS levels in overweight and obese postmenopausal women has not been fully determined. Therefore, the aim of the present study was to investigate the effect of eight weeks of aerobic exercise on serum IGF-1 levels and IGFALS protein expression in overweight and obese postmenopausal women.Materials and Methods: This semi-experimental study was conducted on 40 inactive obese postmenopausal women, who were randomly assigned to experimental and control groups. The experimental group participated in an eight-week aerobic exercise program, with four sessions per week, while the control group did not engage in any physical activity or exercise program during the study period. Blood samples were collected from the participants to measure the variables before the intervention and 48 hours after the completion of the exercise program. Serum IGF-1 levels and IGFALS protein expression were measured using standard laboratory methods and specific commercial kits. For statistical analysis, paired t-tests, independent t-tests, and Pearson correlation coefficients were used, and all analyses were performed using SPSS version 23, with a significance level of (P ≥ 0.05).Findings: The results showed that, compared to the control group, the exercise group exhibited significant increases in serum adiponectin (p = 0.001), HDL (p = 0.001), and maximal oxygen consumption, and significant decreases in LDL (p = 0.006), TG (p = 0.015), TC (p = 0.033), insulin resistance index (p = 0.001), and body composition indices including BMI (p = 0.033), PBF (p = 0.001), and waist circumference (p = 0.001) as a result of the exercise intervention. Furthermore, after eight weeks of aerobic exercise, the exercise group showed significant reductions compared to the control group in serum IGF-1 levels (p = 0.03), IGFALS protein expression (p = 0.04), body weight (p = 0.005), and BMI (p = 0.001). However, changes in WHR (p = 0.1) were not significant between the two groups. Additionally, Pearson correlation analysis indicated a significant correlation between body weight and BMI with IGF-1 and IGFALS following eight weeks of aerobic exercise (P ≥ 0.05).Conclusion: Based on the findings of this study, implementing aerobic exercises similar to the training program used in this research can be recommended as an effective strategy to modulate molecular factors involved in the development of breast cancer, including IGF-1 and IGFALS, in overweight and obese postmenopausal women.