Comparison of the effect of Tabata training on soft and hard surfaces on left ventricular structure and function and some physical fitness factors in elite beach soccer players

Document Type : Original Article

Authors

Department of Exercise Physiology, Faculty of Sport Sciences, University of Guilan, Rasht, Iran

Abstract

Background and Purpose: Repeated exercise on sand may lead to overreaching due to higher energy costs than on hard surfaces. Therefore, it will be necessary to create variety in training. Tabata training is a type of high-intensity interval training (HIIT), which has been reported to improve some physical fitness factors in team sport players. However, no research has been done regarding its effects on the fitness of beach soccer players. Thus, the aim of the present study was to compare the effect of six weeks of Tabata training on indoor hardcourt vs. sand on some physical fitness factors and the structure and function of the left ventricle in elite beach soccer players.
Materials and Methods: Sixteen players from one of the Iran Premier Beach Soccer League teams were randomly divided into two equal groups including the sand group and the indoor group. Except for the type of training surface, other training variables were similar between the groups. Each exercise set was performed for 4 min (20 s exercise:10 s rest). The protocol was performed in three sessions a week and the duration of each session was 34 to 39 minutes (7 to 8 sets). Cardiac variables (two-dimensional echocardiography) and physical fitness factors were measured at 72 h and 48 h, respectively, before and after the training period. Moreover, the food consumed by the players on the test days was similar. The analysis of covariance (ANCOVA) test was used to determine the differences between the groups at P < 0.05.
Results: The increase in stroke volume (SV; P < 0.001) and the left ventricular end-diastolic volume (P = 0.003), and the decrease in the relative left ventricular posterior wall thickness (P = 0.042) were significantly higher in the sand group than in the indoor group. Except for peak anaerobic power in the indoor group (P = 0.604), the improvement observed in other physical fitness factors was significant in both groups (P < 0.05). However, no significant difference was observed between the groups in in terms of relative VO2max (P = 0.58), peak (P = 0.134), minimum (P = 0.913), and average (P = 0.5) anaerobic power, explosive power (P = 0.702), 30-m sprint (P = 0.23) and agility (P = 0.884).
Conclusion: Compared to indoor hardcourt, it seems that six weeks of Tabata training on sand increases the SV of elite beach soccer players through a greater venous return to the heart. However, no difference was observed between training on sand or indoor hardcourt in terms of aerobic power, anaerobic power parameters, explosive power, speed of movement, and agility performance. Therefore, the use of Tabata training protocol on a standard indoor hardcourt is recommended to create a variety of conditioning programs for beach soccer players or in situations where there is no access to a sand surface.

Keywords

Main Subjects

References

  1. Rami M, Azimpour M, Khoramipour K. The effect of 8 weeks of High Intensity Interval Training on the Levels of Wnt and NF-κB proteins in the heart tissue of male Wistar rats with type 2 diabetes. Journal of Sport and Exercise Physiology. 2022;15(4):19-30.
  2. Tabata I, Nishimura K, Kouzaki M, Hirai Y, Ogita F, Miyachi M, et al. Effects of moderate-intensity endurance and high-intensity intermittent training on anaerobic capacity and VO2max. Med Sci Sports Exerc. 1996;28(10):1327-30.
  3. Dupont G, Akakpo K, Berthoin S. The effect of in-season, high-intensity interval training in soccer players. J Strength Cond Res. 2004;18(3):584-9.
  4. Howard N, Stavrianeas S. In-season high-intensity interval training improves conditioning in high school soccer players. Int J Exerc Sci. 2017;10(5):713.
  5. Scarfone R, Tessitore A, Minganti C, Ferragina A, Capranica L, Ammendolia A, editors. Match demands of beach soccer: a case study. Book of abstracts of 14th Annual Congress of the European College of Sport Science; 2009.
  6. Castellano J, Casamichana D. Heart rate and motion analysis by GPS in beach soccer. J Sports Sci Med. 2010;9(1):98.
  7. Gaeini A, Javidi M, Kordi M, Soleimani M, Fallahi A. The effect of 8 weeks of high intensity interval training on mir-29 gene family expression and cardiac hypertrophy of healthy male rats. J Adv Med Biomed Res. 2015;23(99):14-24.
  8. Safania AM, Alizadeh R, Nourshahi M. A comparison of small-side games and interval training on same selected physical fitness factors in amateur soccer players. Journal of Social Sciences. 2011;7(3):349.
  9. Impellizzeri FM, Marcora SM, Castagna C, Reilly T, Sassi A, Iaia F, et al. Physiological and performance effects of generic versus specific aerobic training in soccer players. International Journal of Sports Medicine. 2006;27(06):483-92.
  10. Impellizzeri FM, Rampinini E, Maffiuletti NA, Castagna C, Bizzini M, Wisløff U. Effects of aerobic training on the exercise-induced decline in short-passing ability in junior soccer players. Applied Physiology, Nutrition, and Metabolism. 2008;33(6):1192-8.
  11. Mahjoub H, Le Blanc O, Paquette M, Imhoff S, Labrecque L, Drapeau A, et al. Cardiac remodeling after six weeks of high-intensity interval training to exhaustion in endurance-trained men. American Journal of Physiology-Heart Circulatory Physiology. 2019;317(4):H685-H94.
  12. Esfandiari S, Sasson Z, Goodman JM. Short-term high-intensity interval and continuous moderate-intensity training improve maximal aerobic power and diastolic filling during exercise. European Journal of Applied Physiology. 2014;114:331-43.
  13. Mohamadpanah M, Hoseininejad SE, Salari Esker F. Effect of Surface Type on Impact Force, Loading Rate, and Free Moment during Stance Phase of Running. The Scientific Journal of Rehabilitation Medicine. 2021;10(2):234-45.
  14. Binnie MJ, Dawson B, Arnot MA, Pinnington H, Landers G, Peeling P. Effect of sand versus grass training surfaces during an 8-week pre-season conditioning programme in team sport athletes. Journal of sports sciences. 2014;32(11):1001-12.
  15. Binnie MJ, Peeling P, Pinnington H, Landers G, Dawson B. Effect of surface-specific training on 20-m sprint performance on sand and grass surfaces. The Journal of Strength & Conditioning Research. 2013;27(12):3515-20.
  16. Rokhsati S, Salimi Avansar A, Ebrahim K, Ahmadizad S. Comparing the effect of six weeks of specific volleyball training on hard and soft surfaces on anaerobic power, vertical jump, agility and fat percentage of volleyball players. Journal of Sport and Exercise Physiology. 2014;7(1):1005-12. (In Persian)
  17. Zamparo P, Perini R, Orizio C, Sacher M, Ferretti G. The energy cost of walking or running on sand. European journal of applied physiology and occupational physiology. 1992;65(2):183-7.
  18. Gaudino P, Gaudino C, Alberti G, Minetti AE. Biomechanics and predicted energetics of sprinting on sand: hints for soccer training. Journal of Science and Medicine in Sport. 2013;16(3):271-5.
  19. Rago V, Rebelo AN, Pizzuto F, Barreira D. Small-sided soccer games on sand are more physically demanding but less technically specific compared to games on artificial turf. The Journal of sports medicine and physical fitness. 2016;58(4):385-91.
  20. Ramsbottom R, Brewer J, Williams C. A progressive shuttle run test to estimate maximal oxygen uptake. British Journal of Sports Medicine. 1988;22(4):141-4.
  21. Slankamenac J, Milovancev A, Klasnja A, Gavrilovic T, Sekulic D, Kesic MG, et al. Echocardiographic Characterization of Left Heart Morphology and Function in Highly Trained Male Judo Athletes. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2022;19(14):8842.
  22. Sheykhlouvand M, Arazi H, Astorino TA, Suzuki K. Effects of a New Form of Resistance-Type High-Intensity Interval Training on Cardiac Structure, Hemodynamics, and Physiological and Performance Adaptations in Well-Trained Kayak Sprint Athletes. Frontiers in Physiology. 2022;13.
  23. Arazi H, Keihaniyan A, EatemadyBoroujeni A, Oftade A, Takhsha S, Asadi A, et al. Effects of heart rate vs. Speed-based high intensity interval training on aerobic and anaerobic capacity of female soccer players. Sports. 2017;5(3):57.
  24. Sperlich B, De Marées M, Koehler K, Linville J, Holmberg HC, Mester J. Effects of 5 weeks of high-intensity interval training vs. volume training in 14-year-old soccer players. Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research. 2011;25(5):1271-8.
  25. Helgerud J, Engen LC, Wisloff U, Hoff J. Aerobic endurance training improves soccer performance. Med Sci Sports Exerc. 2001;33(11):1925-31.
  26. Binnie MJ, Dawson B, Arnot MA, Pinnington H, Landers G, Peeling P. Effect of sand versus grass training surfaces during an 8-week pre-season conditioning programme in team sport athletes. Journal of sports sciences. 2014;32(11):1001-12.
  27. Schmitz B, Niehues H, Thorwesten L, Klose A, Krüger M, Brand S-M. Sex Differences in High-Intensity Interval Training–Are HIIT Protocols Interchangeable Between Females and Males? Frontiers in Physiology. 2020;11.
  28. Afyon YA, Mülazimoğlu O, Çelikbilek S, Kalafat Ç. The effect of Tabata training program on physical and motoric characteristics of soccer players. Progress in Nutrition. 2021;23(S2):e2021255-e.
  29. Boutcher SH. High-Intensity Intermittent Exercise and Fat Loss. Journal of Obesity. 2011;2011:868305.
  30. Tremblay A, Simoneau J-A, Bouchard C. Impact of exercise intensity on body fatness and skeletal muscle metabolism. Metabolism. 1994;43(7):814-8.
  31. MacDougall JD, Hicks AL, MacDonald JR, McKelvie RS, Green HJ, Smith KM. Muscle performance and enzymatic adaptations to sprint interval training. Journal of Applied Physiology. 1998;84(6):2138-42.

 

Files

History

  • Receive Date: 11 February 2023
  • Revise Date: 02 May 2023
  • Accept Date: 10 May 2023
  • First Publish Date: 16 June 2023
  • Publish Date: 22 June 2023

Share

How to cite

Statistics