The effect of flat and double pyramid training methods with HMB supplementation on Follistatin and Myostatin in non-athletes

Document Type : Original Article

Authors

Department of Humanities, Neyshabur Branch, Islamic Azad University, Neyshabur, Iran

Abstract

Background and Purpose: Improving the state of anabolic hormones in athletes and non-athletes for fitness has been studied by many researchers. In addition to resistance training, which is an effective method for building muscle, many sport supplements have also entered the market, including beta-hydroxy beta-methylbutyrate (HMB) which assist with this aim. In the last decade, the use of HMB supplement has been considered for purposes such as improving strength and muscle mass, reducing fat mass and improving performance. HMB is an active metabolite of the essential amino acid leucine, which has anti-catabolic effects. It has been shown that HMB inhibits the catabolic effects caused by the use of dexamethasone through the p38/MAPK and PI3K/Akt signaling pathways. Therefore, this study was conducted with the aim of investigating the effect of two training methods of flat pyramid and double pyramid with HMB supplement on follistatin and myostatin in non-athletes.
Materials and Methods: The current research is semi-experimental with a pre-test and post-test design. The samples of this research included 60 non-athletic men who were randomly divided into six equal (n=10) groups of flat pyramid-supplement, double pyramid-supplement, flat pyramid-placebo, double pyramid-placebo, supplement and placebo. The training protocol included 12 weeks of resistance training, 3-5 sessions per week. In each session after warm up, subjects in the flat pyramid pattern performed 7 sets of each exercise, whereas, subjects in the double pyramid group performed 8 consecutive sets of the same exercises. At the beginning and the end of the study, 10 mm of blood was taken from the cubital vein after 12 hours of fasting in order to measure the hormone levels. The data were statistically analyzed by repeated measures of ANOVA at the significance level of p≤0.05.
Results: The results showed that there were significant increases in follistatin level in both supplement plus flat and supplement plus double groups compared to all other groups (p<0.05) as well as significant differences among the flat plus placebo, double plus placebo and supplement groups compared to the placebo group (p<0.05). Furthermore, the results showed that there were significant (p<0.05) decreases in myostatin level in both supplement plus flat and supplement plus double groups compared to flat plus placebo, double plus placebo, supplement and placebo groups; as well as, significant differences among the flat plus placebo, double plus placebo and supplement groups compared to the placebo group (p<0.05). However, there was no significant difference between the supplement and flat and supplement plus double groups, as well as between the flat plus placebo and double plus placebo groups (p>0.05).
Conclusion: Training and supplementation probably prevented the myostatin-Smad signaling pathway through the increase of follistatin, and that the effects of pyramid training on capillary oxygenation during training might have contributed to the changes of these variables and has led to muscle growth. In addition, training and supplements probably have activated the mTOR kinase pathway and caused muscle growth.
 

Keywords

Main Subjects

References

  1. Tsai H-J, Chang F-K. Associations between body mass index, mid-arm circumference, calf circumference, and functional ability over time in an elderly Taiwanese population. PloS one. 2017; 12(4):e0175062.[1371/journal.pone.0175062].
  2. Cook CJ, Kilduff LP, Beaven CM. Improving strength and power in trained athletes with 3 weeks of occlusion training. International Journal of Sports Physiology and Performance. 2014; 9(1): 166-72. [1123/ijspp.2013-0018]
  3. Shirvani H, Rahmati-Ahmadabad S, Kowsari E, Fry H, Kazemi M , Kaviani. Effects of 2-week HMB-FA supplementation with or without eccentric resistance exercise on expression of some genes related to muscle protein turnover and irisin and IGF-1 concentrations. 2020; Gene760,14501.[1016/j.gene.2020.145018]. [InPersian].
  4. Tsai H-J, Chang F-K. Associations between body mass index, mid-arm circumference, calf circumference, and functional ability over time in an elderly Taiwanese population. PloS one. 2017; 12(4):e0175062.[1371/journal.pone.0175062].
  5. Cook CJ, Kilduff LP, Beaven CM. Improving strength and power in trained athletes with 3 weeks of occlusion training. International Journal of Sports Physiology and Performance. 2014; 9(1): 166-72. [1123/ijspp.2013-0018]
  6. Shirvani H, Rahmati-Ahmadabad S, Kowsari E, Fry H, Kazemi M , Kaviani. Effects of 2-week HMB-FA supplementation with or without eccentric resistance exercise on expression of some genes related to muscle protein turnover and irisin and IGF-1 concentrations. 2020; Gene760,14501.[1016/j.gene.2020.145018]. [InPersian].
  7. He X, Duan Y, Yao K, Li F, Hou Y, Wu G, et al. beta-Hydroxybeta-methylbutyrate, mitochondrial biogenesis, and skeletal muscle health. Amino Acids 48. 2016; 653-[ 10.1007/s00726-015-2126-7].
  8. Kornasio R, Riederer I, Butler-Browne G, Mouly V, Uni Z, Halevy O. β-hydroxy β-methylbutyrate stimulates myogenic cell proliferation, differentiation and survival via the MAPK/ERK and PI3K/Akt pathways. Biochim Biophys Acta. 2009; 1793(5): 755 63. [https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bbamcr.2008.12.017].
  9. Li F, Yin Y, Tan B, Kong X, Wu G. Leucine nutrition in animals and humans: mTOR signaling and beyond. Amino Acids 41. 2011; 1185-1193. [1007/s00726-011-0983-2].
  10. Yin Y, Yao K, Liu Z, Gong M, Ruan Z, Deng D, et al. Supplementing L-leucine to a low-protein diet increases tissue protein synthesis in weanling pigs. Amino Acids 39, 2010; 1477-1486. [10.1007/s00726-010-0612-5].
  11. Duan Y, Li F, Li Y, Tang Y, Kong X, Feng Z. et al. The role of leucine and its metabolites in protein and energy metabolism. Amino Acids 48. 2016; 41-51. [10.1007/s00726-015-2067-1].
  12. Wilson JM, Fitschen PJ, Campbell B, Wilson GJ, Zanchi N, Taylor L. et al. International society of sports nutrition position stand: beta-hydroxy-betamethylbutyrate (HMB). 2013; J. Int. Soc. Sports Nutr. 10, 6. [10.1186/1550-2783-10-6].
  13. Fuller JC, Sharp RL, Angus HF, Khoo PY, Rathmacher JA. Comparison of availability and plasma clearance rates of beta-hydroxy-betamethylbutyrate delivery in the free acid and calcium salt forms. 2015; Br. J. Nutr. 114, 1403-1409.[https://doi.org/10.1017/S0007114515003050].
  14. Cooper A, Lamb M, Sharp SJ, Simmons R, Griffin S. Bidirectional association between physical activity and muscular strength in older adults: Results from the UK Biobank study. International Journal of Epidemiology. 2017; 46(1): 141-8. [1093/ije/dyw054]
  15. Chan ASM, McGregor NE, Poulton IJ, Hardee JP, Cho EH, Martin TJ, et al. Bonr geometry is altered by follistatin-induced muscle growth in young adult male mice. JBMR Plus. 2021; 5(4): e10477. [1002/jbm4.10477]
  16. Wagner KR. The elusive promise of myostatin inhibition for muscular dystrophy. Current Opinion in Neurology. 2020; 33(5): 621-628. [1097/WCO.0000000000000853]
  17. Dos santos L, Ribeiro AS, Nunes JP, Tomeleri CM, Nabuco HCG, Nascimento MA, et al. Effects of pyramid resistance-training system with different repetition zones on cardiovascular risk factors in older women: A randomized controlled trial. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2020; 17(17): 6115. [3390/ijerph17176115 ]
  18. Cattan GH. Pyramidal systems in resistance training. Encyclopedia. 2021; 1: 423–432. [10.3390/encyclopedia1020035]
  19. Bahram ME, Hemmati S, Vahedi Kole Sara N, Afroundeh R, Davarpanah S. The effect of training TRX on serum levels of Myostatin anf follistatin and neuromuscular function in overweight elderly men. IJRRN. 2023; 9(3). [10.22034/IJRN.9.3.9]
  20. Hosseino F, Mohebbi H, Rahmani nia F, Damirchi A. Comparison between flat and double pyramid resistance training protocols on physical fitness and anthropometric measures in elite young soccer players. Journal of Metabolism and Exercise. 2012; Vol. 2, No. 1. [https://jme.guilan.ac.ir/article_673.html?lang=en]. [In Persian]
  21. Schiaffino S, Dyar KA, Ciciliot S, Blaauw B, Sandri Mechanisms regulating skeletal muscle growth and atrophy. The FEBS Journal. 2013; 280(17): p. 4294-4314. .[ 10.1111/febs.12253 ]
  22. McCroskery S, Maxwell L,  Sharma M,  Kambadur

 Myostatin negatively regulates satellite cell activation and self-renewal. Journal of Cell Biology. 2003; 162(6): p. 1135-1147 [10.1083/jcb.200207056 ]

  1. Estes RR,  Malinowski  AMY,  Piacentini M,  Thrush D, Salley E, Losey et al. The effect of high intensity interval run training on cross-sectional area of the vastus lateralis in untrained college students. International wrestlers. International journal of sports physiology and performance. 2015; 10(2): p. 139-146. [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5214170/].
  2. Hansen J, Brandt C,  Nielsen AR, Hojman P, Whitham M,  Febbraio MA, et al. Exercise induces a marked increase in plasma follistatin: evidence that follistatin is a contractioninduced hepatokine. Endocrinology. 2011; 152(1): p. 164-171. [1210/en.2010-0868].
  3. Asadi A, Arazi H, Suzuki K. Effects of β-Hydroxy-β-methylbutyrate-free Acid Supplementation on Strength, Power and Hormonal Adaptations Following Resistance Training. Nutrients. 2017; 9(12). [3390/nu9121316]. [In Persian]
  4. Wilson GJ, Wilson JM, Manninen AH. Effects of beta-hydroxy-beta-methylbutyrate (HMB) on exercise performance and body composition across varying levels of age, sex, and training experience: A review. Nutrition & Metabolism. 2008; 5:1. [1186/1743-7075-5-1].
  5. Fuller JC, Sharp RL, Angus HF, Khoo PY, Rathmacher JA. Comparison of availability and plasma clearance rates of beta-hydroxy-betamethylbutyrate delivery in the free acid and calcium salt forms. 2015; Br. J. Nutr. 114, 1403-1409. [10.1017/S0007114515003050].
  6. Lee S-J. Quadrupling muscle mass in mice by targeting TGF-ß signaling pathways. 2007; PloS one. 2(8): p. e789. [ 1371/journal.pone.0000789]
  7. Schumann C, Nguyen DX, Norgard M, Bortnyak Y, Korzun T, Chan S, et al. Increasing lean muscle mass in mice via nanoparticle-mediated hepatic delivery of follistatin mRNA. Theranostics, 2018; 8(19), 5276. .[ 7150/thno.27847]
  8. Cunha PM, Nunes JP, Tomeleri CM,  Nascimento MA ,  Schoenfeld BJ , Antunes M, et al. Resistance training performed with single and multiple sets induced similar improvements in nuscular strength, muscle mass, muscle quality, and IGF-1 in older women: a randomized controlled trial. The j of stre & cond res. 2020; 34(4), 1008-1016. [10.1519/JSC.0000000000002847.]
  9. Diel P, Schiffer T, Geisler S, Hertrampf T, Mosler S, Schulz S. et al..Analysis of the effects of androgens and training on myostatin propeptide and follistatin concentrations in blood and skeletal muscle using highly sensitive immuno PCR. Molecular and cellular endocrinology. 2010; 330(1):1-9. [10.1016/j.mce.2010.08.015].
  10. Mafi F, Biglari S, Ghardashi A, Gaeini AA. Improvement in skeletal muscle strength and plasma levels of follistatin and myostatin induced by an 8-week resistance training and epicatechin supplementation in sarcopenic older adults. Journal of Aging and Physical Activity. 2019; 27(3), 384-391. [1123/japa.2017-0389 ] [In Persian]

Files

History

  • Receive Date: 21 July 2024
  • Revise Date: 23 October 2024
  • Accept Date: 01 November 2024
  • First Publish Date: 01 November 2024
  • Publish Date: 21 March 2025

Share

How to cite

Statistics