The effects of elastic band resistance training on serum levels of growth differentiation factor 11, myostatin, and insulin resistance in overweight elderly women

Azamian Jazi, Akbar; Abdellah, Elias

doi:10.48308/joeppa.2024.236076.1270

The effects of elastic band resistance training on serum levels of growth differentiation factor 11, myostatin, and insulin resistance in overweight elderly women

Document Type : Original Article

Authors

Department of Sport Sciences, Shahrekord University, Shahrekord, Iran

10.48308/joeppa.2024.236076.1270

Abstract

Background and Purpose: Growth differentiation factor 11 (GDF11) and myostatin (growth differentiation factor 8) are related to most diseases and chronic disorders in elderly population. Even though these two factors have similar structural and signaling pathways, they can have different functions, and the available information about their effects on the regeneration of degenerated muscles during old age is contradictory. GDF11 plays a role in skeletal muscle regeneration, combating aging-induced muscle loss, and regulating metabolic homeostasis and energy balance. On the other hand, myostatin, mainly secreted by skeletal muscles, plays a role in inhibiting muscle hypertrophic response (negative regulation of muscle mass) and modulating metabolic processes. Also, its increased expression is related to obesity and insulin resistance. Considering the beneficial effect of resistance training on these variables, the present study aimed to investigate the effect of 12 weeks of elastic band resistance training on the serum levels of growth differentiation factor 11, myostatin, and insulin resistance in overweight elderly women.
Materials and Methods: Twenty-eight overweight elderly women with an average age of 74.04 ± 4.69 years and a body mass index of 28.21 ± 3.35 kg/m² were selected based on the inclusion criteria and then randomly divided into exercise (n = 14) and control (n = 14) groups. Subjects in training group performed 12 weeks of Elastic band resistance training, 3 days per week. Blood samples were taken 24 hours before the first training session and 48 hours after the last training session; and were analyzed for serum levels of GDF11, myostatin, insulin, and glucose. All data were analyzed by two-way repeated-measures of ANOVA and using SPSS version 25 software at a significance level of P<0.05.
Results: After 12 weeks of elastic band resistance training, there were no significant differences in GDF11, BMI, and WHR variables between the two training and control groups (p>0.05), though, the serum levels of myostatin (P=0.027), insulin resistance index (P=0.045) and body fat percentage (P=0.023) decreased significantly.
Conclusion: It seems that the decrease in the level of myostatin following elastic band training, which was associated with a reduction in insulin resistance and body fat percentage, can have a positive effect on the muscle mass and energy homeostasis of overweight elderly women. Also, in future studies related to GDF11, it is necessary to select the type, duration, and intensity of exercise as well as measurement methods with more scrutiny and accuracy.

Keywords

Main Subjects

biochemistry and metabolism

References

1. Driss LB, Lian J, Walker RG, Howard JA, Thompson TB, Rubin LL, et al. GDF11 and aging biology - controversies resolved and pending. J Cardiovasc Aging. 2023;3(4). https://doi.org/10.20517/jca.2023.23.
2. Walker RG, Poggioli T, Katsimpardi L, Buchanan SM, Oh J, Wattrus S, et al. Biochemistry and Biology of GDF11 and Myostatin: Similarities, Differences, and Questions for Future Investigation. Circ Res. 2016;118(7):1125-41; discussion 42. https://doi.org/10.1161/circresaha.116.308391.
3. Fan X, Gaur U, Sun L, Yang D, Yang M. The Growth Differentiation Factor 11 (GDF11) and Myostatin (MSTN) in tissue specific aging. Mech Ageing Dev. 2017;164:108-12. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.mad.2017.04.009.
4. Lian J, Walker RG, D'Amico A, Vujic A, Mills MJ, Messemer KA, et al. Functional substitutions of amino acids that differ between GDF11 and GDF8 impact skeletal development and skeletal muscle. Life Sci Alliance. 2023;6(3). https://doi.org/10.26508/lsa.202201662.
5. Wilhelmsen A, Stephens FB, Bennett AJ, Karagounis LG, Jones SW, Tsintzas K. Skeletal muscle myostatin mRNA expression is upregulated in aged human adults with excess adiposity but is not associated with insulin resistance and ageing. Geroscience. 2024;46(2):2033-49. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11357-023-00956-6.
6. Bagheri R, Moghadam BH, Church DD, Tinsley GM, Eskandari M, Moghadam BH, et al. The effects of concurrent training order on body composition and serum concentrations of follistatin, myostatin and GDF11 in sarcopenic elderly men. Exp Gerontol. 2020;133:110869. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.exger.2020.110869.
7. Takao N, Kurose S, Miyauchi T, Onishi K, Tamanoi A, Tsuyuguchi R, et al. The relationship between changes in serum myostatin and adiponectin levels in patients with obesity undergoing a weight loss program. BMC Endocr Disord. 2021;21(1):147. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12902-021-00808-4.
8. Hittel DS, Axelson M, Sarna N, Shearer J, Huffman KM, Kraus WE. Myostatin decreases with aerobic exercise and associates with insulin resistance. Med Sci Sports Exerc 2010;42(11):2023-9. https://doi.org/10.1249/MSS.0b013e3181e0b9a8.
9. Yang M, Liu C, Jiang N, Liu Y, Luo S, Li C, et al. Myostatin: a potential therapeutic target for metabolic syndrome. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne). 2023;14:1181913. https://doi.org/10.3389/fendo.2023.1181913.
10. Vatankhah-khozani S, Haghshenas R, Faramarzi M. The Effect of 8 Weeks of Elastic Band Resistance Training on Serum Myostatin and Body Composition in Elderly Women. Journal of Sport Biosciences. 2018;10(3):347-58. https://doi.org/10.22059/jsb.2018.261987.1296.
11. Egerman MA, Cadena SM, Gilbert JA, Meyer A, Nelson HN, Swalley SE, et al. GDF11 Increases with Age and Inhibits Skeletal Muscle Regeneration. Cell Metab. 2015;22(1):164-74. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cmet.2015.05.010.
12. Egerman MA, Glass DJ. The role of GDF11 in aging and skeletal muscle, cardiac and bone homeostasis. Crit Rev Biochem Mol Biol. 2019;54(2):174-83. https://doi.org/10.1080/10409238.2019.1610722.
13. Katsimpardi L, Litterman NK, Schein PA, Miller CM, Loffredo FS, Wojtkiewicz GR, et al. Vascular and neurogenic rejuvenation of the aging mouse brain by young systemic factors. Science. 2014;344(6184):630-4. https://doi.org/10.1126/science.1251141.
14. Lu B, Zhong J, Pan J, Yuan X, Ren M, Jiang L, et al. GDF11 gene transfer prevents high fat diet-induced obesity and improves metabolic homeostasis in obese and STZ-induced diabetic mice. J Transl Med. 2019;17(1):422. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12967-019-02166-1.
15. Schafer MJ, Atkinson EJ, Vanderboom PM, Kotajarvi B, White TA, Moore MM, et al. Quantification of GDF11 and Myostatin in Human Aging and Cardiovascular Disease. Cell Metab. 2016;23(6):1207-15. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cmet.2016.05.023.
16. Elliott BT, Herbert P, Sculthorpe N, Grace FM, Stratton D, Hayes LD. Lifelong exercise, but not short-term high-intensity interval training, increases GDF11, a marker of successful aging: a preliminary investigation. Physiol Rep. 2017;5(13). https://doi.org/10.14814/phy2.13343.
17. Zhou Y, Jiang Z, Harris EC, Reeves J, Chen X, Pazdro R. Circulating Concentrations of Growth Differentiation Factor 11 Are Heritable and Correlate With Life Span. J Gerontol A Biol Sci Med Sci. 2016;71(12):1560-3. https://doi.org/10.1093/gerona/glv308.
18. Walker RG, Barrandon O, Poggioli T, Dagdeviren S, Carroll SH, Mills MJ, et al. Exogenous GDF11, but not GDF8, reduces body weight and improves glucose homeostasis in mice. Sci Rep. 2020;10(1):4561. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-020-61443-y.
19. Knapp M, Supruniuk E, Górski J. Myostatin and the Heart. Biomolecules. 2023;13(12). https://doi.org/10.3390/biom13121777.
20. Baczek J, Silkiewicz M, Wojszel ZB. Myostatin as a Biomarker of Muscle Wasting and other Pathologies-State of the Art and Knowledge Gaps. Nutrients. 2020;12(8). https://doi.org/10.3390/nu12082401.
21. Wilkes JJ, Lloyd DJ, Gekakis N. Loss-of-function mutation in myostatin reduces tumor necrosis factor alpha production and protects liver against obesity-induced insulin resistance. Diabetes. 2009;58(5):1133-43. https://doi.org/10.2337/db08-0245.
22. Haines MS, Dichtel LE, Kimball A, Bollinger B, Gerweck AV, Bredella MA, et al. OR26-03 Lower Serum Myostatin Levels Are Associated with Higher Insulin Sensitivity in Adults with Overweight/Obesity: J Endocr Soc. 2020 May 8;4(Suppl 1):OR26-03. doi: 10.1210/jendso/bvaa046.497.
23. Pedersen BK. The diseasome of physical inactivity--and the role of myokines in muscle--fat cross talk. J Physiol. 2009;587(Pt 23):5559-68. https://doi.org/10.1113/jphysiol.2009.179515.
24. Sanchez-Lastra MA, Varela S, Cancela JM, Ayán C. Upper versus lower body resistance exercise with elastic bands: effects on cognitive and physical function of institutionalized older adults. Eur Geriatr Med. 2022;13(4):907-16. https://doi.org/10.1007/s41999-022-00616-6.
25. Su YL, Chen HL, Han SL, Lin YK, Lin SY, Liu CH. Effectiveness of Elastic Band Exercises on the Functional Fitness of Older Adults in Long-Term Care Facilities. J Nurs Res. 2022;30(5):e235. https://doi.org/10.1097/jnr.0000000000000511.
26. Chen R, Wu Q, Wang D, Li Z, Liu H, Liu G, et al. Effects of elastic band exercise on the frailty states in pre-frail elderly people. Physiother Theory Pract. 2020;36(9):1000-8. https://doi.org/10.1080/09593985.2018.1548673.
27. Azamian Jazi A, Moradi Sarteshnizi E, Fathi M, Azamian Jazi Z. Elastic band resistance training increases adropin and ameliorates some cardiometabolic risk factors in elderly women: A quasi-experimental study. BMC Sports Sci Med Rehabil. 2022;14(1):178. https://doi.org/10.1186/s13102-022-00571-6.
28. Stojanović MDM, Mikić MJ, Milošević Z, Vuković J, Jezdimirović T, Vučetić V. Effects of Chair-Based, Low-Load Elastic Band Resistance Training on Functional Fitness and Metabolic Biomarkers in Older Women. J Sports Sci Med. 2021;20(1):133-41. https://doi.org/10.52082/jssm.2021.133.
29. Banitalebi E, Faramarzi M, Mardaniyan Ghahfarrokhi M, Savari Nikoo F, Soltani N, Bahram Zadeh A. Effect of 12-week elastic-band resistance training on muscle quality and serum CAF in elderly women with osteocsarcopenic obesity: a randomized clinical trial. Journal of Gerontology. 2019;4(1):40-51. https://doi.org/10.29252/joge.3.4.4.
30. Kwak CJ, Kim YL, Lee SM. Effects of elastic-band resistance exercise on balance, mobility and gait function, flexibility and fall efficacy in elderly people. J Phys Ther Sci. 2016;28(11):3189-96. https://doi.org/10.1589/jpts.28.3189.
31. Park SY, Kim JK, Lee SA. The effects of a community-centered muscle strengthening exercise program using an elastic band on the physical abilities and quality of life of the rural elderly. J Phys Ther Sci. 2015;27(7):2061-3. https://doi.org/10.1589/jpts.27.2061.
32. Yang HJ, Chen KM, Chen MD, Wu HC, Chang WJ, Wang YC, et al. Applying the transtheoretical model to promote functional fitness of community older adults participating in elastic band exercises. J Adv Nurs. 2015;71(10):2338-49. https://doi.org/10.1111/jan.12705.
33. Calle MC, Fernandez ML. Effects of resistance training on the inflammatory response. Nutr Res Pract. 2010;4(4):259-69. https://doi.org/10.4162/nrp.2010.4.4.259.
34. Huang SW, Ku JW, Lin LF, Liao CD, Chou LC, Liou TH. Body composition influenced by progressive elastic band resistance exercise of sarcopenic obesity elderly women: a pilot randomized controlled trial. Eur J Phys Rehabil Med. 2017;53(4):556-63. https://doi.org/10.23736/s1973-9087.17.04443-4.
35. Riebe D, Ehrman JK, Liguori G, Magal M. ACSM's Guidelines for Exercise Testing and Prescription: Wolters Kluwer; 2017.
36. Pescatello LS, Arena R, Riebe D, Thompson PD, (editors). ACSM’s Guidelines for Exercise Testing and Prescription. 9 ed. Philadelphia Wolters/ Kluwer—Lippincott Williams & Wilkins; 2014. P. 69-70, 80.
37. Matthews DR, Hosker JP, Rudenski AS, Naylor BA, Treacher DF, Turner RC. Homeostasis model assessment: insulin resistance and beta-cell function from fasting plasma glucose and insulin concentrations in man. Diabetologia. 1985;28(7):412-9.
38. Hooshmand Moghadam B, Gaeini AA, Eskandari M, Parseh S, Mahmoudi N. The effect of resistance training intervention on serum levels of anti-aging and rejuvenating proteins in older men. Journal of Gerontology. 2020;5(3):54-64.
39. Pazokian F, Amani-Shalamzari S, Rajabi H. Effects of functional training with blood occlusion on the irisin, follistatin, and myostatin myokines in elderly men. Eur Rev Aging Phys Act. 2022;19(1):22. https://doi.org/10.1186/s11556-022-00303-2.
40. Loffredo FS, Steinhauser ML, Jay SM, Gannon J, Pancoast JR, Yalamanchi P, et al. Growth differentiation factor 11 is a circulating factor that reverses age-related cardiac hypertrophy. Cell. 2013;153(4):828-39. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cell.2013.04.015.
41. McPherron AC. Metabolic functions of myostatin and GDF11. Immunol Endocr Metab Agents Med Chem. 2010;10(4):217-31. https://doi.org/10.2174/187152210793663810.
42. Patel VK, Demontis F. GDF11/myostatin and aging. Aging (Albany NY). 2014;6(5):351-2. https://doi.org/10.18632/aging.100666.
43. Jamaiyar A, Wan W, Janota DM, Enrick MK, Chilian WM, Yin L. The versatility and paradox of GDF 11. Pharmacol Ther. 2017;175:28-34. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pharmthera.2017.02.032.
44. Kavazis AN, Smuder AJ, Powers SK. Effects of short-term endurance exercise training on acute doxorubicin-induced FoxO transcription in cardiac and skeletal muscle. J Appl Physiol (1985). 2014;117(3):223-30. https://doi.org/10.1152/japplphysiol.00210.2014.
45. Ribeiro MBT, Guzzoni V, Hord JM, Lopes GN, Marqueti RC, de Andrade RV, et al. Resistance training regulates gene expression of molecules associated with intramyocellular lipids, glucose signaling and fiber size in old rats. Sci Rep. 2017;7(1):8593. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-017-09343-6.
46. Tiago F, Úrsula PRS, Stéphano FSM, Cléber RA, Edilamar MO. Signaling Pathways that Mediate Skeletal Muscle Hypertrophy: Effects of Exercise Training. In: Julianna C, editor. Skeletal Muscle. Rijeka: IntechOpen; 2012. p. Ch. 9.
47. Yoshida T, Delafontaine P. Mechanisms of IGF-1-Mediated Regulation of Skeletal Muscle Hypertrophy and Atrophy. Cells. 2020;9(9). https://doi.org/10.3390/cells9091970.
48. Hittel DS, Berggren JR, Shearer J, Boyle K, Houmard JA. Increased secretion and expression of myostatin in skeletal muscle from extremely obese women. Diabetes. 2009;58(1):30-8. https://doi.org/10.2337/db08-0943.
49. Vatankhah-khozani S, Haghshenas R, Faramarzi M. The Effect of 8 Weeks of Elastic Band Resistance Training on Serum Myostatin and Body Composition in Elderly Women. Journal of Sport Biosciences. 2018;10(3):347-58. [In Persian]. https://doi.org/10.22059/jsb.2018.261987.1296.