The effect of 4 weeks of virtual reality, interval nordic walking and ambient music interventions on cardiorespiratory recovery in the elderly patients with HFrEF in response to cardiopulmonary exercise test

Document Type : original article

Authors

1 Department of Exercise Physiology, Faculty of Sport Sciences, University of Mazandaran, Babolsar, Iran

2 Cardiology Department, Sayyad Shirazi Hospital, Golestan University of Medical Sciences, Gorgan, Iran

Abstract

Materials and Methods: Forty-two stable HF patients (mean±SD; age, 60.36±4.13 years; EF, 30-55%) were randomly assigned into four groups of VR training, INW, AM and control. VR, INW and AM groups performed the defined protocol for 4 weeks, 5 days a week. HR, SBP, RPP and cardiorespiratory function (VO2peak, O2 pulse and time-to-exhaustion (TTE) were measured using a 12-lead ECG system, immediately after and at 1st and 3rd minute of recovery following an incremental CPET, before and after 4 weeks of interventions. Multivariate analysis of variance was used to determine the effect of interventions and CPET at different times.
Results: CPET caused increases in hemodynamic parameters at baseline and after 4 weeks of non-pharmacological interventions. After 4 weeks of interventions, heart rate recovery after one minute (HRR1) and heart rate recovery after 3 minutes (HRR3), TTE and VO2peak were insignificantly higher in the INW and VR groups, when compared with the control group (P<0.05). After 4 weeks of intervention, interestingly, the RPP values immediately after CPET showed an non-significant increase in the INW and VR groups, as compared to the control and music groups, which was in line with increase in TTE. Four weeks of music had no significant effect on hemodynamic recovery and cardiorespiratory function of men with HF.
Conclusion: Improved recovery of HRR3 and SBP in response to CPET and a positive trends of VO2peak and TTE after 4 weeks of INW and VR interventions may be a factor for increased vagal tone in patients with HFrEF. Both INW and VR are suitable training methods for improving hemodynamic recovery in patients with HF. However, faster recovery probably requires longer duration training and may be a way to improve cardiorespiratory fitness and thus prevent cardiac events in the elderly individuals with HF. Future research should focus on other training methods, including high intensity interval training along with nutritional interventions. Moreover, understanding the mechanisms responsible for the potential improvements warrant further study.

Keywords

Main Subjects

References

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History

  • Receive Date: 13 May 2024
  • Revise Date: 04 June 2024
  • Accept Date: 07 June 2024
  • First Publish Date: 07 June 2024
  • Publish Date: 20 April 2024

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