A comparison of prevalence of premenstrual syndrome symptoms between athlete and non-athlete female students

Document Type : original article

Abstract


Purpose: The purpose of this study was to compare prevalence of premenstrual syndrome (PMS)
symptoms between athlete and non-athlete female students of the Islamic Azad University of Ilam.
Methods: One hundred female athletes (Means±SD; Age, 23.6±4.1 years; height, 162.9±5.4 cm;
weight, 60.7±9.0 kg; previous history of physical activity, 3.3±2.8 years) and 100 non-athletes
(Means±SD; Age, 22.3±2.2 years; height, 162.2±5.6 cm; weight, 59.4±8.6 kg) were selected
among female students that had regular menstrual cycle and did not take any medicine. Data were
collected using PMS questionnaire. Data were analyzed by using t-test. Results: Results of this
study showed that somatic symptoms of female athletes (10.2±5.8) were significantly (t=-1.79,
P=0.024) lower than non-athletes (12.7±7.7). However, no significant difference between
psychological symptoms of athlete (11.2±8.9) and non-athletes (14.7±9.6) was found. In addition,
in terms of PMS no significant difference (t=-2.04, P= 0.091) between athletes (21.5±13.1) and
non-athletes (27.8±15.9) was detected. In total, 93.5% of subjects (n=187) had PMS and that there
was no significant difference (t= -2.16, P= 0.175) between athletes (91%) and non-athletes (96%)
students. Conclusions: Based on the results of the present study it could be suggested that females
with PMS might consider regular physical activity in addition to the other affecting factors.
Premenstrual syndrome, somatic symptoms, psychological symptoms, athletes,
non-athletes, female.

Keywords


1- Trout, K. K., Basel-Brown, L., Rickels, M. R.,
Schutta, M. H., Petrova, M. Freeman, E. W.,
Tkacs, N. C. and Teff, T. L. (2008). Insulin
Sensitivity, Food Intake, and Cravings with
Premenstrual Syndrome: A Pilot Study. Journal
of Women’s health. 17: 657-665.
2- Henshaw, C. A. (2007). PMS: diagnosis,
aetiology, assessment and management.
Advances in psychiatric treatment. 13: 139-146.
3- Frackiewicz, E. J. and Shiovitz, T. M. (2001).
Evaluation and management of premenstrual
syndrome and premenstrual dysphonic disorder.
Journal of the American Pharmacists
Association. 41: 437-447.
4- Wyatt, K, M., Dimmock, P. W., Jones, P. W. and
O’brien, P. M. S. (2001). Efficacy of
progesterone and progestogens in management
of premenstrual syndrome: Systematic review,
British Medical Journal. 323: 776-791.
5- Steiner, M. M. D. (2000). Premenstrual syndrome
and premenstrual dysphonic disorder: Guidelines
for management. Journal of psychiatry &
neuroscience. 25: 459-468.
6- Antal, A. B., Udezi, A. W., Ekanem, E. E., Okon,
U. J. and Umoiyoho, A. U. (2004), Premenstrual
syndrome: Prevalence in students of the
University of Calabar, Nigeria. African journal
of biomedical research. 7: 45-50.
7- Wyatt, K, M., Dimmock, P. W., Jones, P. W. and
O’brien, P. M. S. (1999). Efficacy of vitamin B-6
in the treatment of premenstrual syndrome:
Systematic review, British Medical Journal. 318:
1375-1381.
8- Yonkers, K. A. (1997). The association between
premenstrual dysphonic disorder and other mood
disorders. Journal of clinical psychiatry. 59: 19-
25.
9- Pray, W. S. (1998). PMS: A disorder that is
diagnosable. US Pharmacist. 23 (9).
nn1B     .(1384) .$Bnn. nn 7 &Bnn8  nn$B% &
nn< -10
3
(n$) ) (PMS) 7+
8 $ O‘8 ":1 $$B
.=n 
     BF &
’($) "+ B( . = 
     BF &
’($)
.559-568 ,
E56 X2  1 &
*@ X=:% <
11- Eriksson, E. (1999). Serotonin reuptake
inhibitors for the treatment of premenstrual
dysphoria. International clinical
psychopharmacology. 14: 27-31.
12- Lichten, E. M. (2005). Medical treatment of
PMS. Available from: [http//: www.
Usdoctor.com/pms.htm].
13- Patrick, J. B. (2001). Decrease in PMS
symptoms from exercising. Journal Psychosocial
Nursing. 4: 25-32.
207 .
’($) 
H@B K  
H@ 3$BIJ) ) 7+
8 $ 9 % ":1 =>#+ ? @  ;
A
14- Douglas, S. M. D. (2002). Premenstrual
syndrome evidence based treatment in family
practice. Canadian family physician. 48: 1789-
1797.
15- Rossignol, A. M. and Bonnlander, H. (1991).
Prevalence and severity of the premenstrual
syndrome. Effects of foods and beverages that
are sweet or high in sugar content. The journal of
reproductive medicine. 36: 131-136.
.(1386) M ;nnE#K )
nn‘+  );nn 
nn^‘H  -16
Bn     3)   &)
 % :B*F  ) B P-F  ;
A
3$BnnnIJ) 7nnn+
8 $ 9 nnn% ":nnn1 
nnn. 
(nnn
.n@ "n+ ) 9.…n% .$n.$ B4n@ 
. 3
I1B     )
.55 -70 ,
E56 X14 &
*@
17- Aganoff, B. J. A. and Boyle, G. J. (1994).
Aerobic exercise, mood states and menstrual
cycle symptoms. Journal of psychosomatic
research. 38: 183-192.
18- Ugarrize, D. N., Klingner, S. and O’Brien, S.
(1998). Premenstrual syndrome: diagnosis and
intervention. The nurse practitioner. 23: 40-52.
19- Choi, P.Y. and Salmon. P. (1995). Symptom
changes across the menstrual cycle in
competitive sportswomen, exercisers and
sedentary women. British Journal clinical
psychology. 34: 447-460.
20- Barnhart, K. and Freeman, E. (1995). A
clinician’s guide to the premenstrual syndrome.
Office gynecology. 79: 1457-1471.
21- Edward, M. L. (2000). Medical treatment of
premenstrual syndrome. Fertility and sterility.
53: 520-527.
22- Scully, D., Kremer, J., Meade, M. M., Graham,
R. and Dudgeon, K. (1998). Physical exercise
and psychological well being: a critical review.
British Journal of sports Medicine. 32: 111-120.
23- Margays, A. M. and Gomese, P. S. (2002). The
effect of regular physical activity on
premenstrual syndrome (PMS) symptoms.
Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise. 34 (5).
X&nB 
In1
     X&B. )*E X€ ’B 3
% &
@ -24
":n1 .(1384) .n*b
 : ;n0  Mn11 
1
%
) 32 
nn     s‘FBnn 
nn.  
(nn  7nn+
8 $ 9 nn%
X18 &
*nn@ .3$Bnn$ 
Inn1B% 
:ann .3
(nn$)
.57-66 ,
E56
Bn# n+ X
nCB $‘+ "nA 0#n6 XM{2 + -25
,$B.
nRF ? n@ .(1385) .
;n$ j
/n  M @
$ 9 n% Y# Y#IJ$  7+
8 $ 9 % ":1 :  
    
n . h
‘+ :     H@% "+ 3
($) ) 7+
8
-341 ,
E5n6 X4 &
*n@ X10 Y
1 X3
7B. H@%
.335
26- Bianchi-Demicheli, F., Ludicke, F., Lucas, H.
and Chardonnens, D. (2002). Premenstrual
dysphoric disorder: current status of treatment.
Swiss Medical Weekly. 132: 574-578.
27- Redman, L. M. and Watherby, R. P. (2004).
Measuring performance during the menstrual
cycle: a model using oral contraceptives.
Medicine & science in sports & exercise. 36:
130-136.

  • Receive Date: 17 May 2015
  • Revise Date: 09 June 2024
  • Accept Date: 31 December 2020
  • First Publish Date: 31 December 2020
  • Publish Date: 23 July 2009