تأثیر چهار هفته تمرین مقاومتی با و بدون محدودیت جریان خون بر برخی شاخص‌های آنابولیکی و کاتابولیکی مردان میانسال کم‌تحرک

نوع مقاله : علمی - پژوهشی

نویسندگان

دانشکدۀ تربیت بدنی و علوم ورزشی، دانشگاه تبریز، تبریز، ایران

چکیده

هدف: به‌تازگی، استفاده از تمرین مقاومتی با محدودیت جریان خون (BFR) به‌عنوان جایگزینی برای تمرینات مقاومتی سنگین برای افراد میانسال و سالمند توصیه شده است. ازاین‌رو هدف پژوهش حاضر تعیین تأثیر تمرین مقاومتی با و بدون BFR بر سطوح عوامل هورمونی آنابولیک و کاتابولیک در مردان میانسال کم‌تحرک بود.
روش‌ها: در تحقیق نیمه‌تجربی حاضر 20 مرد میانسال (53/2±65/47 سال) داوطلب انتخاب شدند و به‌صورت تصادفی در دو گروه تمرین مقاومتی با (BFR) و بدون محدودیت جریان خون (NBFR) قرار گرفتند. چهار هفته تمرین مقاومتی گروه BFR شامل حرکت جلو پا و پرس پا با شدت 20 درصد 1-RM، یک نوبت 30 تکراری و دو نوبت 15 تکراری و گروه NBFR شامل همان حرکات با شدت 80 درصد 1-RM در سه نوبت 10 تکراری، اجرا شد. نمونه‌های خونی پیش، بلافاصله بعد (برای هورمون‌های تستوسترون، کورتیزول و لاکتات) و 24 ساعت پس از آخرین جلسۀ تمرینی (برای هورمون رشد و عامل رشد شبه‌انسولینی–1) گرفته شد. داده‌ها با آزمون‌های آماری تحلیل واریانس و تی مستقل در سطح معناداری کمتر از 05/0 بررسی شد.
نتایج: افزایش غلظت استراحتی هورمون رشد (001/0=P)، IGF-I (001/0=P) و پاسخ تستوسترون (001/0=P) سرمی پس از اجرای برنامۀ تمرین در هر دو گروه معنادار بود. همچنین تنها افزایش GH استراحتی در گروه BFR به‌طور معناداری بیشتر از گروه NBFR بود (04/0P<). با این حال، تمرین مقاومتی با (11/0=P) و بدون BFR (53/0=P) سبب تغییر معناداری در غلظت کورتیزول نشد.
نتیجه‌گیری: بنابر یافته‌های تحقیق حاضر، به‌نظر می‌رسد احتمالاً تمرینات مقاومتی با BFR طی دورۀ میانسالی روش مناسبی برای دستیابی به فواید سلامتی تمرینات ورزشی به‌واسطۀ سازگاری‌های هورمونی است.

کلیدواژه‌ها


عنوان مقاله [English]

The effect of four weeks of resistance training with and without blood flow restriction on levels of anabolic and catabolic hormonal markers in middle-age sedentary males

نویسندگان [English]

  • Javad Vakili
  • Saeed Nikookheslat
  • Farid Pakzad Hassanlou
Faculty of Physical Education and Sport Sciences, University of Tabriz, Tabriz, Iran
چکیده [English]

Purpose: Recently, the use of resistance training with restricted blood flow (BFR) has been recommended as an alternative to heavy resistance training for middle-aged and elderly people. Therefore, the aim of this research was to determine the effect of resistance training with and without BFR on levels of anabolic and catabolic hormones in middle-age sedentary male.
Methods: In this semi-experimental study design, 20 voluntary middle-aged sedentary men (age 47.65 ± 2.53 years) were selected. Subjects were randomly divided into two groups of resistance training with and without BFR. Subjects in the 4-week BFR group performed knee extension and leg press at 20% 1-RM intensity, one set of 30 repetitions and two sets of 15 repetitions, and the non-BFR training group performed the same movements at 80% 1-RM intensity in three sets with 10 repetitions. Blood samples were also taken to measure testosterone and cortisol, growth hormone and insulin-like growth factor-1. Finally, Data were analyzed by analyses of variance and independent T test. The significance level was set at P < 0.05.
Results: Resting concentrations of growth hormone (P = 0.001), IGF-I (P = 0.001), and serum testosterone (P = 0.001) response increased significantly after four weeks of resistance training. Also, the only increase in resting growth hormone was significantly higher in the BFR group (P = 0.04). However, four weeks of resistance training with (P = 0.11) and without Restricted blood flow (P = 0.55) did not significantly change cortisol concentration.
Conclusion: It seems likely that performing resistance training with BFR during middle age is a good way to achieve the health benefits of exercise training due to hormonal adaptations.

کلیدواژه‌ها [English]

  • Resistance Training
  • Blood Flow Restriction
  • Middle age
  • Anabolic Hormones
  • Catabolic Hormones
  1. Walker S, Santolamazza F, Kraemer W, Häkkinen K. Effects of prolonged hypertrophic resistance training on acute endocrine responses in young and older men. Journal of aging and physical activity. 2015;23(2):230-6.
  2. Hoffman J. Physiological aspects of sport training and performance: Human Kinetics; 2014.
  3. Rosa C, Vilaça-Alves J, Fernandes HM, Saavedra FJ, Pinto RS, dos Reis VM. Order effects of combined strength and endurance training on testosterone, cortisol, growth hormone, and IGF-1 binding protein 3 in concurrently trained men. The Journal of Strength & Conditioning Research. 2015;29(1):74-9.
  4. Burd NA, Tang JE, Moore DR, Phillips SM. Exercise training and protein metabolism: influences of contraction, protein intake, and sex-based differences. Journal of applied physiology. 2009;106(5):1692-701.
  5. Cadore EL, Lhullier FLR, Brentano MA, da Silva EM, Ambrosini MB, Spinelli R, et al. Hormonal responses to resistance exercise in long-term trained and untrained middle-aged men. The Journal of Strength & Conditioning Research. 2008;22(5):1617-24.
  6. Ahtiainen JP, Pakarinen A, Alen M, Kraemer WJ, Häkkinen K. Muscle hypertrophy, hormonal adaptations and strength development during strength training in strength-trained and untrained men. European journal of applied physiology. 2003;89(6):555-63.
  7. Paunksnis MR, Evangelista AL, La Scala Teixeira CV, Alegretti João G, Pitta RM, Alonso AC, et al. Metabolic and hormonal responses to different resistance training systems in elderly men. The Aging Male. 2018;21(2):106-10.
  8. Ribeiro AS, Schoenfeld BJ, Fleck SJ, Pina FL, Nascimento MA, Cyrino ES. Effects of traditional and pyramidal resistance training systems on muscular strength, muscle mass, and hormonal responses in older women: a randomized crossover trial. The Journal of Strength & Conditioning Research. 2017;31(7):1888-96.
  9. Hall JE. Guyton and Hall Textbook of Medical Physiology E-Book: Elsevier Health Sciences; 2015.
  10. Hayes LD, Herbert P, Sculthorpe NF, Grace FM. Exercise training improves free testosterone in lifelong sedentary aging men. Endocrine connections. 2017;6(5):306-10.
  11. Mangine GT, Hoffman JR, Gonzalez AM, Townsend JR, Wells AJ, Jajtner AR, et al. Exercise-Induced Hormone Elevations Are Related to Muscle Growth. The Journal of Strength & Conditioning Research. 2017;31(1):45-53.
  12. Smilios I, Pilianidis T, Karamouzis M, Tokmakidis SP. Hormonal responses after various resistance exercise protocols. Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise. 2003;35(4):644-54.
  13. Wernbom M, Augustsson J, Raastad T. Ischemic strength training: a low‐load alternative to heavy resistance exercise? Scandinavian journal of medicine & science in sports. 2008;18(4):401-16.
  14. Taylor CW, Ingham SA, Ferguson RA. Acute and chronic effect of sprint interval training combined with postexercise blood-flow restriction in trained individuals. Exp Physiol. 2016;101(1):143-54.
  15. Shimizu R, Hotta K, Yamamoto S, Matsumoto T, Kamiya K, Kato M, et al. Low-intensity resistance training with blood flow restriction improves vascular endothelial function and peripheral blood circulation in healthy elderly people. Eur J Appl Physiol. 2016;116(4):749-57.
  16. Neto GR, Novaes JS, Dias I, Brown A, Vianna J, Cirilo-Sousa MS. Effects of resistance training with blood flow restriction on haemodynamics: a systematic review. Clin Physiol Funct Imaging. 2016.
  17. Basereh A, hovanloo F, Dehghan P, Khoramipour Effect of blood flow restriction deal during isometric exercise on growth hormone and testosterone active. males2016
  18. Kraemer WJ, Ratamess NA. Hormonal responses and adaptations to resistance exercise and training. Sports Medicine. 2005;35(4):339-61.
  19. Ramis TR, da Silva Medeiros N, de Lemos Muller CH, Boeno F, Silveira D, Souza LG, et al. Effects of Acute Exercise with Blood Flow Restriction on Oxidative Stress Biomarkers. International Journal of Sports Science. 2017;7(5):191-5.
  20. Manini TM, Yarrow JF, Buford TW, Clark BC, Conover CF, Borst SE. Growth hormone responses to acute resistance exercise with vascular restriction in young and old men. Growth Hormone & IGF Research. 2012;22(5):167-72.
  21. Jessee MB, Buckner SL, Dankel SJ, Counts BR, Abe T, Loenneke JP. The Influence of Cuff Width, Sex, and Race on Arterial Occlusion: Implications for Blood Flow Restriction Research. Sports Med. 2016;46(6):913-21.
  22. Hunt JE, Stodart C, Ferguson RA. The influence of participant characteristics on the relationship between cuff pressure and level of blood flow restriction. Eur J Appl Physiol. 2016;116(7):1421-32.
  23. Kim E, Gregg LD, Kim L, Sherk VD, Bemben MG, Bemben DA. Hormone responses to an acute bout of low intensity blood flow restricted resistance exercise in college-aged females. Journal of sports science & medicine. 2014;13(1):91.
  24. Bidlingmaier M, Friedrich N, Emeny RT, Spranger J, Wolthers OD, Roswall J, et al. Reference intervals for insulin-like growth factor-1 (IGF-I) from birth to senescence: results from a multicenter study using a new automated chemiluminescence IGF-I immunoassay conforming to recent international recommendations. The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism. 2014;99(5):1712-21.
  25. Patterson SD, Leggate M, Nimmo MA, Ferguson RA. Circulating hormone and cytokine response to low-load resistance training with blood flow restriction in older men. Eur J Appl Physiol. 2013;113(3):713-9.
  26. Larkin KA, Macneil RG, Dirain M, Sandesara B, Manini TM, Buford TW. Blood flow restriction enhances post-resistance exercise angiogenic gene expression. Med Sci Sports Exerc. 2012;44(11):2077-83.
  27. Kim E, Gregg LD, Kim L, Sherk VD, Bemben MG, Bemben DA. Hormone responses to an acute bout of low intensity blood flow restricted resistance exercise in college-aged females. J Sports Sci Med. 2014;13(1):91-6.
  28. Takano H, Morita T, Iida H, Asada K-i, Kato M, Uno K, et al. Hemodynamic and hormonal responses to a short-term low-intensity resistance exercise with the reduction of muscle blood flow. European journal of applied physiology. 2005;95(1):65-73.
  29. Godfrey RJ, Madgwick Z, Whyte GP. The exercise-induced growth hormone response in athletes. Sports Medicine. 2003;33(8):599-613.
  30. Weltman A, Weltman JY, Womack CJ, Davis SE, Blumer JL, Gaesser GA, et al. Exercise training decreases the growth hormone (GH) response to acute constant-load exercise. Medicine and science in sports and exercise. 1997;29(5):669-76.
  31. Goto K, Ishii N, Kizuka T, Takamatsu K. The impact of metabolic stress on hormonal responses and muscular adaptations. Medicine and science in sports and exerc ise. 2005;37(6):955-63.
  32. Bunt J, Boileau R, Bahr J, Nelson R. Sex and training differences in human growth hormone levels during prolonged exercise. Journal of Applied Physiology. 1986;61(5):1796-801.
  33. Kjaer M, Bangsbo J, Lortie G, Galbo H. Hormonal response to exercise in humans: influence of hypoxia and physical training. American Journal of Physiology-Regulatory, Integrative and Comparative Physiology. 1988;254(2):R197-R203.
  34. Cook CJ, Kilduff LP, Beaven CM. Improving strength and power in trained athletes with 3 weeks of occlusion training. International journal of sports physiology and performance. 2014;9(1):166-72.
  35. Karimi M, Sharifian M. Comparison of the effect of resistance training with blood flow restriction and traditional method on hormonal responses in young male bodybuilders. Asian Exercise and Sport Science Journal. 2017;1(1):44-55.
  36. Pullinen T, Mero A, Huttunen P, Pakarinen A, Komi PV. Resistance exercise-induced hormonal responses in men, women, and pubescent boys. Medicine and science in sports and exercise. 2002;34(5):806-13.
  37. Correa-Silva SR, Lengyel AMJ. Influência dos glicocorticóides sobre o eixo somatotrófico. Arquivos Brasileiros de Endocrinologia & Metabologia. 2003.
  38. Farhani F, Amani shalamzari S, Rajabi H, Abbasi A, Sarikhani A, Najarghabel R, et al. The effect of three weeks of small sided game with blood flow restriction on nervous and functional indicators of futsal players. Sport and Exercise Physiology. 2021; 14(1):9-20.
  39. Madarame H, Neya M, Ochi E, Nakazato K, Sato Y, Ishii N. Cross-transfer effects of resistance training with blood flow restriction. Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise. 2008;40(2):258-63.
  40. Madarame H, Sasaki K, Ishii N. Endocrine responses to upper-and lower-limb resistance exercises with blood flow restriction. Acta Physiologica Hungarica. 2010;97(2):192-200.
  • تاریخ دریافت: 11 مرداد 1399
  • تاریخ بازنگری: 10 آذر 1399
  • تاریخ پذیرش: 11 آذر 1400
  • تاریخ اولین انتشار: 19 دی 1400
  • تاریخ انتشار: 01 فروردین 1401