Relationship between time under tension of muscle in resistance training with angiogenesis effective factors in inactive girls

Document Type : original article

Authors

1 Islamic Azad University, Science and Research Branch, Tehran, Iran

2 Faculty of Physical Education and Sports Sciences, Kharazmi University, Tehran, Iran

Abstract

Purpose: One of the changes that occurs in the vascular structure of skeletal muscle during exercise to resolving stress is the process of angiogenesis that has been considered by researchers. Thus, the aim of this study was to investigate the effect of 6-week resistance training with different Time under Tension (TUT) on some serum vascular growth factors in inactive girls.
Methods: 20 female volunteer students (mean age 22.3 yrs) were randomly and equally divided into two groups with different TUT of (1s – 1s) and (2s – 4s). Resistance training was performed for 6-week, three times per week, in eight stations,three sets, the intensity of 75% 1RM (10 repetitions) and 50% 1RM (5 repetitions) to equalize the training load in two groups. Blood samples were taken from the subjects before the training period and 48 hours after the last training session to evaluate the variables of VEGF, GH and endostatin. Data were analyzed by analysis of covariance.
Results: There were no significant differences in serum levels of VEGF (P = 0.59) and GH (P = 0.89) between groups following six weeks of resistance training. But there were significant differences in serum endostatin level (P = 0.04) and leg strength (P = 0.01) between the two groups.
 Conclusion: Although there was no significant difference in angiogenesis related-factors between the two groups during six weeks and it is likely to need more time, but in the case of angiogenesis inhibitor, this difference was significant. Also, the more eccentric component was more associated with more strength in the 2s – 4s training.

Keywords

References

  1. Wernbom M, Augustsson J, Thomee R. The influence of frequency, intensity, volume and mode of strength training on whole muscle cross-sectional area in humans. Sports medicine (Auckland, NZ). 2007; 37(3):225-64.
  2. Burd NA, Andrews RJ, West DWD, Little JP, Cochran AJR, Hector AJ, et al. Muscle time under tension during resistance exercise stimulates differential muscle protein sub-fractional synthetic responses in men. The Journal of physiology.2012; 590(2):351-62.
  3. Arazi H, Mirzaei B, Heidari N. Neuromuscular and metabolic responses to three different resistance exercise methods. Asian journal of sports medicine. 2014; 5(1):30-8.
  4. Hoeben A, Landuyt B, Highley MS, Wildiers H, Van Oosterom AT, De Bruijn EA. Vascular endothelial growth factor and angiogenesis. Pharmacological Reviews. 2004; 56(4):549-80.
  5. Devesa J, Caicedo D. The Role of Growth Hormone on Ovarian Functioning and Ovarian Angiogenesis. Frontiers in endocrinology. 2019; 10:450.
  6. Lin S, Zhang Q, Shao X, Zhang T, Xue C, Shi S, et al. IGF-1 promotes angiogenesis in endothelial cells/adipose-derived stem cells co-culture system with activation of PI3K/Akt signal pathway. Cell proliferation. 2017; 50(6).
  7. Walia A, Yang JF, Huang Y-H, Rosenblatt MI, Chang J-H, Azar DT. Endostatin's emerging roles in angiogenesis, lymphangiogenesis, disease, and clinical applications. Biochimica et Biophysica Acta. 2015; 1850(12):2422-38.
  8. Robert B, Kris B, Jeffrey F. The effect of resistive exercise rest interval on hormonal response, strength, and hypertrophy with training. Journal of strength and conditioning research. 2009; 23(1):62-71.
  9. Philippou A, Maridaki M, Halapas A, Koutsilieris M. The role of the insulin-like growth factor 1 (IGF-1) in skeletal muscle physiology. In Vivo. 2007; 21(1):45-54.
  10. Tran QT, Docherty D, Behm D. The effects of varying time under tension and volume load on acute neuromuscular responses. European Journal of Applied Physiology. 2006; 98(4):402-10.
  11. Westcott WL, Winett RA, Anderson ES, Wojcik JR, Loud RL, Cleggett E, et al. Effects of regular and slow speed resistance training on muscle strength. Journal of Sports Medicine and Physical Fitness. 2001; 41(2):154-8.
  12. Dankel SJ, Loenneke JP. Effect Sizes for Paired Data Should Use the Change Score Variability Rather Than the Pre-test Variability. Journal of Strength & Conditioning Research. 2021;35(6);1773-1778.
  13. de Freitas MC, Gerosa-Neto J, Zanchi NE, Lira FS, Rossi FE. Role of metabolic stress for enhancing muscle adaptations: Practical applications. World Journal of Methodology. 2017; 7(2):46-54.
  14. Keeler LK, Finkelstein LH, Miller W, Fernhall B. Early-phase adaptations of traditional-speed vs. superslow resistance training on strength and aerobic capacity in sedentary individuals. Journal of Strength & Conditioning Research. 2001; 15(3):309-14.
  15. Kraemer WJ, Ratamess NA. Hormonal responses and adaptations to resistance exercise and training. Sports Medicine. 2005; 35(4):339-61.
  16. Sabri K, Fathi M, Hejazi K. The effect of eight weeks resistance training with and without vascular occlusion on growth hormone, and insulin-like growth factor in male. Physical Treatments. 2017; 7(3):149-156.
  17. Urso ML, Fiatarone Singh MA, Ding W, Evans WJ, Cosmas AC, Manfredi TG. Exercise training effects on skeletal muscle plasticity and IGF-1 receptors in frail elders. Age (Dordrecht, Netherlands). 2005; 27(2):117-25.
  18. Masternak MM, Bartke A. Growth hormone, inflammation and aging. Pathobiol Aging Age Relat Dis.2012; 2:10.3402/pba.v2i0.17293.
  19. Cirillo F, Lazzeroni P, Sartori C, Street ME. Inflammatory Diseases and Growth: Effects on the GH-IGF Axis and on Growth Plate. International Journal of Molecular Sciences. 2017; 18(9):1878.
  20. Goto C, Higashi Y, Kimura M, Noma K, Hara K, Nakagawa K, et al. Effect of different intensities of exercise on endothelium-dependent vasodilation in humans role of endothelium-dependent nitric oxide and oxidative stress. Circulation. 2003; 108(5):530-5.
  21. Behjati A, Babai Mazrae No A, Faramarzi M. The Effect of Resistance Training on Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor (VEGF) in Older Women. Yektaweb_Journals. 2015; 10(3):156-65.
  22. Masabumi S. Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor (VEGF) and Its receptor (VEGFR) signaling in angiogenesis: a crucial target for anti- and pro-angiogenic therapies. Genes & Cancer. 2011; 2(12):1097-1105.
  23. Hoeben A, Landuyt B, Highley MS, Wildiers H, Van Oosterom AT, De Bruijn EA. Vascular endothelial growth factor and angiogenesis. Pharmacological Reviews. 2004; 56(4):549-80.
  24. Esfahanni PS, Jahangir K, Khazaei M. Alterations of plasma nitric oxide, vascular endothelial growth factor, and soluble form of its receptor (sFlt-1) after resistance exercise: An experimental study. Advanced Biomedical Research. 2014; 3:150.
  25. Kraus RM, Stallings HW, 3rd, Yeager RC, Gavin TP. Circulating plasma VEGF response to exercise in sedentary and endurance-trained men. Journal of applied physiology. 2004; 96(4):1445-50.
  26. Suhr F, Rosenwick C, Vassiliadis A, Bloch W, Brixius K. Regulation of extracellular matrix compounds involved in angiogenic processes in short- and long-track elite runners. Scandinavian Journal of Medicine & Science in Sports. 2010; 20(3):441-8.
  27. Sponder M, Sepiol K, Lankisch S, Priglinger M, Kampf S, Litschauer B, et al. Endostatin and physical exercise in young female and male athletes and controls. International Journal of Sports Medicine. 2014; 35(13): 1138-42.
  28. Gu J-W, Gadonski G, Wang J, Makey I, Adair TH. Exercise increases endostatin in circulation of healthy volunteers. BMC Physiology. 2004; 4(1):2.
  29. Brixius K, Schoenberger S, Ladage D, Knigge H, Falkowski G, Hellmich M, et al. Long-term endurance exercise decreases antiangiogenic endostatin signalling in overweight men aged 50-60 years. British Journal of Sports Medicine. 2008; 42(2):126-9; discussion 9.
  30. Seida A, Wada J, Kunitomi M, Tsuchiyama Y, Miyatake N, Fujii M, et al. Serum bFGF levels are reduced in Japanese overweight men and restored by a 6-month exercise education. International journal of obesity and related metabolic disorders : journal of the International Association for the Study of Obesity. 2003; 27(11):1325-31.

Files

History

  • Receive Date: 19 August 2020
  • Revise Date: 22 May 2021
  • Accept Date: 24 May 2021
  • First Publish Date: 21 March 2022
  • Publish Date: 21 March 2022

Share

How to cite

Statistics