1. McArdle W, Katch F, Katch V. Exercise physiology: energy, nutrition, and human performance. 1996. https://www.cabidigitallibrary.org/doi/full/10.5555/19981408372. 2. Blair SN, Kampert JB, Kohl HW, Barlow CE, Macera CA, Paffenbarger RS, Gibbons LW. Influences of cardiorespiratory fitness and other precursors on cardiovascular disease and all-cause mortality in men and women. Jama. 1996;276(3):205-10. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/8667564/. 3. Lawlor DA, O’Callaghan MJ, Mamun AA, Williams GM, Bor W, Najman JM. Socioeconomic position, cognitive function, and clustering of cardiovascular risk factors in adolescence: findings from the Mater University Study of Pregnancy and its outcomes. Psychosomatic Medicine. 2005;67(6):862-8. https://doi.org/10.1097/01.psy.0000188576.54698.36. 4. Billman GE. Heart rate variability–a historical perspective. Frontiers in physiology. 2011;2:86. https://doi.org/10.3389/fphys.2011.00086. 5. Kleiger RE, Stein PK, Bigger Jr JT. Heart rate variability: measurement and clinical utility. Annals of Noninvasive Electrocardiology. 2005;10(1):88-101. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1542-474x.2005.10101.x. 6. Quiceno-Manrique A, Alonso-Hernandez J, Travieso-Gonzalez C, Ferrer-Ballester M, Castellanos-Dominguez G, editors. Detection of obstructive sleep apnea in ECG recordings using time-frequency distributions and dynamic features. 2009 Annual International Conference of the IEEE Engineering in Medicine and Biology Society; 2009: IEEE. https://doi.org/10.1109/iembs.2009.5333736. 7. Zali A, Arefian N. Heart rate variability. Research in Medicine 2012; 36 (3) :163-166 URL: http://pejouhesh.sbmu.ac.ir/article-1-1083-en.html. (In Persian). 8. Shaffer F, Meehan ZM, Zerr CL. A critical review of ultra-short-term heart rate variability norms research. Frontiers in neuroscience. 2020;14:594880. https://doi.org/10.3389/fnins.2020.594880. 9. Lovato NS, Anunciação PG, Polito MD. Blood pressure and heart rate variability after aerobic and weight exercises performed in the same session. Revista Brasileira de Medicina do Esporte. 2012;18:22-5. https://doi.org/10.1590/S1517-86922012000100004 10. Zuern CS, Barthel P, Bauer A. Heart rate turbulence as risk-predictor after myocardial infarction. Frontiers in physiology. 2011;2:15620. https://doi.org/10.3389/fphys.2011.00099 11. Freeman JV, Dewey FE, Hadley DM, Myers J, Froelicher VF. Autonomic nervous system interaction with the cardiovascular system during exercise. Progress in cardiovascular diseases. 2006;48(5):342-62. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pcad.2005.11.003 12. Billman GE. The LF/HF ratio does not accurately measure cardiac sympatho-vagal balance. Frontiers Media SA; 2013. p. 26. https://doi.org/10.3389/fphys.2013.00026 13. Shaffer F, Ginsberg JP. An overview of heart rate variability metrics and norms. Frontiers in public health. 2017;5:258. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpubh.2017.00258 14. Electrophysiology TFotESoCtNASoP. Heart rate variability: standards of measurement, physiological interpretation, and clinical use. Circulation. 1996;93(5):1043-65. https://doi.org/10.1161/01.CIR.93.5.1043 15. Molina GE, Fontana KE, Porto LGG, Junqueira LF. Post-exercise heart-rate recovery correlates to resting heart-rate variability in healthy men. Clinical Autonomic Research. 2016;26:415-21. https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s10286-016-0378-2 16. Gomes SG, Silva LG, Santos TM, Totou NL, Souza PM, Pinto K, et al. Elderly hypertensive subjects have a better profile of cardiovascular and renal responses during water-based exercise. Journal of Exercise Physiology Online. 2016;19(4). https://www.asep.org/asep/asep/JEPonlineAUGUST2016_Gomes_Becker.pdf 17. Sundas A, Contreras I, Navarro-Otano J, Soler J, Beneyto A, Vehi J. Heart rate variability over the decades: a scoping review. PeerJ. 2025;13:e19347. https://peerj.com/articles/19347/ 18. Al Haddad H, Laursen PB, Chollet D, Lemaitre F, Ahmaidi S, Buchheit M. Effect of cold or thermoneutral water immersion on post-exercise heart rate recovery and heart rate variability indices. Autonomic Neuroscience. 2010;156(1-2):111-6. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.autneu.2010.03.017 19. Besson C, Baggish A, Monteventi P, Schmitt L, Stucky F, Gremeaux V. Assessing the clinical reliability of short-term heart rate variability: insights from controlled dual-environment and dual-position measurements. Scientific reports. 2025;15(1):5611. https://www.nature.com/articles/s41598-025-89892-3 20. Arakaki X, Arechavala RJ, Choy EH, Bautista J, Bliss B, Molloy C, et al. The connection between heart rate variability (HRV), neurological health, and cognition: A literature review. Frontiers in neuroscience. 2023;17:1055445. https://doi.org/10.3389/fnins.2023.1055445 21. Gallucci G, Tartarone A, Lerose R, Lalinga AV, Capobianco AM. Cardiovascular risk of smoking and benefits of smoking cessation. Journal of thoracic disease. 2020;12(7):3866. https://doi.org/10.21037/jtd.2020.02.47 22. Goniewicz ML, Miller CR, Sutanto E, Li D. How effective are electronic cigarettes for reducing respiratory and cardiovascular risk in smokers? A systematic review. Harm reduction journal. 2020;17:1-9. https://link.springer.com/article/10.1186/s12954-020-00440-w 23. Papathanasiou G, Mamali A, Papafloratos S, Zerva E. Effects of smoking on cardiovascular function: the role of nicotine and carbon monoxide. Health science journal. 2014;8(2):274. https://www.researchgate.net/profile/George-Papathanasiou-2/publication/261286193 24. Organization WH. WHO report on the global tobacco epidemic, 2011: Warning about the dangers of tobacco: Executive summary. World health organization; 2011. https://escholarship.org/content/qt0cj684r8/qt0cj684r8.pdf 25. JA A. The pathophysiology of cigarette smoking and cardiovascular disease. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2004;43:1731-7. https://cir.nii.ac.jp/crid/1571980076278349440 26. Colberg SR, Casazza GA, Horning MA, Brooks GA. Increased dependence on blood glucose in smokers during rest and sustained exercise. Journal of Applied Physiology. 1994;76(1):26-32. https://doi.org/10.1152/jappl.1994.76.1.26 27. Benowitz NL. Cigarette smoking and cardiovascular disease: pathophysiology and implications for treatment. Progress in cardiovascular diseases. 2003;46(1):91-111. https://cir.nii.ac.jp/crid/1361981470360375296 28. Myers J, Tan SY, Abella J, Aleti V, Froelicher VF. Comparison of the chronotropic response to exercise and heart rate recovery in predicting cardiovascular mortality. European Journal of Preventive Cardiology. 2007;14(2):215-21. https://doi.org/10.1097/HJR.0b013e328088cb92 29. Cole CR, Blackstone EH, Pashkow FJ, Snader CE, Lauer MS. Heart-rate recovery immediately after exercise as a predictor of mortality. New England journal of medicine. 1999;341(18):1351-7. https://www.nejm.org/doi/full/10.1056/NEJM199910283411804 30. Guo Q-n, Wang J, Liu H-y, Wu D, Liao S-x. Nicotine ingestion reduces heart rate variability in young healthy adults. BioMed Research International. 2022;2022(1):4286621. https://doi.org/10.1155/2022/4286621 31. Guo Q, Wang J, Liu H, Wu D, Liao S. Nicotine Ingestion Reduces Heart Rate Variability in Young Healthy Adults. BioMed Research International, 2022, 1–7. 2022. https://doi.org/10.1155/2022/4286621 32. Kim CS, Kim MK, Jung HY, Kim MJ. Effects of exercise training intensity on cardiac autonomic regulation in habitual smokers. Annals of Noninvasive Electrocardiology. 2017;22(5):e12434. https://doi.org/10.1111/anec.12434 33. Wang Z, Zou Y, Liu J, Peng W, Li M, Zou Z. Heart rate variability in mental disorders: an umbrella review of meta-analyses. Translational Psychiatry. 2025;15(1):104. https://www.nature.com/articles/s41398-025-03339-x 34. Harte CB, Liverant GI, Sloan DM, Kamholz BW, Rosebrock LE, Fava M, Kaplan GB. Association between smoking and heart rate variability among individuals with depression. Annals of Behavioral Medicine. 2013;46(1):73-80. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12160-013-9476-8 35. Booth FW, Chakravarthy MV, Gordon SE, Spangenburg EE. Waging war on physical inactivity: using modern molecular ammunition against an ancient enemy. Journal of applied physiology. 2002. https://doi.org/10.1152/japplphysiol.00073.2002 36. Stamatakis E, Hamer M. The extent to which adiposity markers explain the association between sedentary behavior and cardiometabolic risk factors. Obesity. 2012;20(1):229-32. https://doi.org/10.1038/oby.2011.209 37. Roberts CK, Barnard RJ. Effects of exercise and diet on chronic disease. Journal of applied physiology. 2005;98(1):3-30. https://doi.org/10.1152/japplphysiol.00852.2004 38. Ch H. Be smart, exercise your heart: exercise effects on brain and cognition. Nat Rev Neurosci. 2008;9:58-65. https://www.nature.com/articles/nrn2298 39. Routledge FS, Campbell TS, McFetridge-Durdle JA, Bacon SL. Improvements in heart rate variability with exercise therapy. Canadian Journal of Cardiology. 2010;26(6):303-12. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0828-282X(10)70395-0 40. Bastos F, Vanderlei L, Nakamura F, Bertollo M, Godoy M, Hoshi R, et al. Effects of cold water immersion and active recovery on post-exercise heart rate variability. International journal of sports medicine. 2012;33(11):873-9. https://www.thieme-connect.com/products/ejournals/abstract/10.1055/s-0032-1301905 41. Rosenwinkel ET, Bloomfield DM, Arwady MA, Goldsmith RL. Exercise and autonomic function in health and cardiovascular disease. Cardiology clinics. 2001;19(3):369-87. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0733-8651(05)70223-X 42. Carter JB, Banister EW, Blaber AP. The effect of age and gender on heart rate variability after endurance training. Medicine and science in sports and exercise. 2003;35(8):1333-40. https://www.ovid.com/jnls/acsm-msse/abstract/10.1249/01.mss.0000079046.01763.8f 43. Vazir A, Hastings P, Dayer M, McIntyre H, Henein M, Poole‐Wilson P, et al. A high prevalence of sleep disordered breathing in men with mild symptomatic chronic heart failure due to left ventricular systolic dysfunction. European journal of heart failure. 2007;9(3):243-50. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ejheart.2006.08.001 44. Iellamo F, Manzi V, Caminiti G, Vitale C, Castagna C, Massaro M, et al. Matched dose interval and continuous exercise training induce similar cardiorespiratory and metabolic adaptations in patients with heart failure. International journal of cardiology. 2013;167(6):2561-5. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijcard.2012.06.057 45. Al-Ani M, Munir S, White M, Townend J, Coote J. Changes in RR variability before and after endurance training measured by power spectral analysis and by the effect of isometric muscle contraction. European journal of applied physiology and occupational physiology. 1996;74(5):397-403. https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/BF02337719 46. Dixon EM, Kamath MV, McCartney N, Fallen EL. Neural regulation of heart rate variability in endurance athletes and sedentary controls. Cardiovascular research. 1992;26(7):713-9. https://doi.org/10.1093/cvr/26.7.713 47. Smith ML, Hudson DL, Graitzer HM, Raven PB. Exercise training bradycardia: the role of autonomic balance. Medicine and science in sports and exercise. 1989;21(1):40-4. https://www.ovid.com/jnls/acsm-msse/abstract/00005768-198902000-00008 48. Bonaduce D, Petretta M, Cavallaro V, Apicella C, Ianniciello A, Romano M, et al. Intensive training and cardiac autonomic control in high level athletes. Medicine and science in sports and exercise. 1998;30(5):691-6. https://www.ovid.com/jnls/acsm-msse/abstract/00005768-199805000-00008 49. Boutcher SH, Stein P. Association between heart rate variability and training response in sedentary middle-aged men. European journal of applied physiology and occupational physiology. 1995;70(1):75-80. https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/BF00601812 50. Kang S-J, Ko K-J, Baek U-H. Effects of 12 weeks combined aerobic and resistance exercise on heart rate variability in type 2 diabetes mellitus patients. Journal of Physical Therapy Science. 2016;28(7):2088-93. https://www.jstage.jst.go.jp/article/jpts/28/7/28_jpts-2016-178/_pdf 51. Nève G. The effects of high-intesity interval training on autonomic function in elderly people with increased cardiovascular risk: University_of_Basel; 2018. https://doi.org/10.3389/fphys.2024.1349313 52. Haff GG, Dumke C. Laboratory manual for exercise physiology: Human Kinetics; 2021. https://books.google.com/books?id=IQ_PEAAAQBAJ&lpg=PR1&ots=lPMyTALayY&dq=52.%09Haff%20GG%2C%20Dumke%20C.%20Laboratory%20manual%20for%20exercise%20physiology%3A%20Human%20Kinetics%3B%202021.%20&lr&pg=PA160#v=onepage&q&f=false 53. Karvonen M. The effects of training on heart rate: a longitudinal study. Ann med exp biol fenn. 1957;35:307-15. https://cir.nii.ac.jp/crid/1572543025705079040 54. Afrasyabi S, Marandi SM, Kargarfard M. The effects of high intensity interval training on appetite management in individuals with type 2 diabetes: influenced by participants weight. Journal of Diabetes & Metabolic Disorders. 2019;18:107-17. https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s40200-019-00396-0 55. Cuddy TF, Ramos JS, Dalleck LC. Reduced exertion high-intensity interval training is more effective at improving cardiorespiratory fitness and cardiometabolic health than traditional moderate-intensity continuous training. International journal of environmental research and public health. 2019;16(3):483. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph16030483 56. Alansare A, Alford K, Lee S, Church T, Jung HC. The effects of high-intensity interval training vs. moderate-intensity continuous training on heart rate variability in physically inactive adults. International journal of environmental research and public health. 2018;15(7):1508. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph15071508 57. Yang F, Ma Y, Liang S, Shi Y, Wang C. Effect of exercise modality on heart rate variability in adults: a systematic review and network meta-analysis. Reviews in Cardiovascular Medicine. 2024;25(1):9. https://doi.org/10.31083/j.rcm2501009 58. Fronchetti L, Nakamura FY, De-Oliveira FR, Lima-Silva AE, De Lima JR. EFFECTS OF HIGH-INTENSITY INTERVAL TRAINING ON HEART RATE VARIABILITY DURING EXERCISE. Journal of Exercise Physiology Online. 2007;10(4). https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Lenise-Fronchetti/publication/257874986 59. Su Zy, Yu Wl, Yan Zw, Ding Dd, Fang Cc, Luo Ql, et al. Comparison of high‐intensity interval training and moderate‐intensity continuous training on cardiopulmonary function, cardiac autonomic function and vascular function in adolescent boys with obesity: A randomized controlled trial. European Journal of Sport Science. 2024;24(12):1871-82. https://doi.org/10.1002/ejsc.12207 60. Ramírez-Vélez R, Tordecilla-Sanders A, Téllez-T LA, Camelo-Prieto D, Hernández-Quiñonez PA, Correa-Bautista JE, et al. Effect of moderate-versus high-intensity interval exercise training on heart rate variability parameters in inactive Latin-American adults: a randomized clinical trial. The Journal of Strength & Conditioning Research. 2020;34(12):3403-15. https://www.ovid.com/jnls/nsca-jscr/abstract/10.1519/jsc.0000000000001833 61. الهه پ, معرفت سک, سعید ن, لطفعلی ب, ناصر اآ, محبوبه شز, سعید فا. تأثیر تمرین هوازی با شدت متوسط بر تغییرپذیری ضربان قلب (HRV) در بیماران دیابتی مبتلا به نوروپاتی محیطی. 2019. In Persian https://doi.org/10.34172/mj.2019.032 62. Ramos JS, Dalleck LC, Borrani F, Beetham KS, Mielke GI, Dias KA, et al. High-intensity interval training and cardiac autonomic control in individuals with metabolic syndrome: A randomised trial. International journal of cardiology. 2017;245:245-52. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijcard.2017.07.063 63. Koufaki P, Mercer TH, George KP, Nolan J. Low-volume high-intensity interval training vs continuous aerobic cycling in patients with chronic heart failure: a pragmatic randomised clinical trial of feasibility and effectiveness. Journal of rehabilitation medicine. 2014;46(4):348-56. https://doi.org/10.2340/16501977-1278 64. Ghardashi Afousi A, Izadi MR, Rakhshan K, Mafi F, Biglari S, Gandomkar Bagheri H. Improved brachial artery shear patterns and increased flow‐mediated dilatation after low‐volume high‐intensity interval training in type 2 diabetes. Experimental physiology. 2018;103(9):1264-76. https://doi.org/10.1113/EP087005 65. Piras A, Persiani M, Damiani N, Perazzolo M, Raffi M. Peripheral heart action (PHA) training as a valid substitute to high intensity interval training to improve resting cardiovascular changes and autonomic adaptation. European journal of applied physiology. 2015;115:763-73. https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s00421-014-3057-9 66. Villafaina S, Gimenez-Guervos Perez MJ, Fuentes-García JP. Comparative effects of high-intensity interval training vs moderate-intensity continuous training in phase III of a tennis-based cardiac rehabilitation program: a pilot randomized controlled trial. Sustainability. 2020;12(10):4134. https://doi.org/10.3390/su12104134 67. Estévez-González AJ, Donadio MVF, Cobo-Vicente F, Fernández-Luna Á, Sanz-Santiago V, Villa Asensi JR, et al. Effects of a short-term resistance-training program on heart rate variability in children with cystic fibrosis—a randomized controlled trial. Frontiers in Physiology. 2021;12:652029. https://doi.org/10.3389/fphys.2021.652029 68. Besnier F, Labrunée M, Richard L, Faggianelli F, Kerros H, Soukarié L, et al. Short-term effects of a 3-week interval training program on heart rate variability in chronic heart failure. A randomised controlled trial. Annals of physical and rehabilitation medicine. 2019;62(5):321-8. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rehab.2019.06.013 69. Landram M, McAnulty S, Utter A, Baldari C, Guidetti L, Collier S. Effects of continuous vs discontinuous aerobic training on cardiac autonomic remodeling. International Journal of Sports Medicine. 2019;40(03):180-5. https://www.thieme-connect.com/products/ejournals/abstract/10.1055/s-0044-100921 70. Ariningsih D. The effectiveness of high intensity interval training on heart rate variability in overweight and obesity. Sport and Fitness Journal. 2021;9(2):96. https://pdfs.semanticscholar.org/a2ed/7b0d1f79a3f736441d1d30088003352ce768.pdf 71. Loimaala A, Huikuri H, Oja P, Pasanen M, Vuori I. Controlled 5-mo aerobic training improves heart rate but not heart rate variability or baroreflex sensitivity. Journal of Applied Physiology. 2000;89(5):1825-9. https://doi.org/10.1152/jappl.2000.89.5.1825 72. Carrillo AE, Dinas PC, Gkiata P, Ferri AR, Kenny GP, Koutedakis Y, et al. An Exploratory Investigation of Heart Rate Variability in Response to Exercise Training and Detraining in Young and Middle-Aged Men. Biology. 2025;14(7):794. https://doi.org/10.3390/biology14070794 73. Cagirci G, Cay S, Karakurt O, Eryasar N, Kaya V, Canga A, et al. Influence of heavy cigarette smoking on heart rate variability and heart rate turbulence parameters. Annals of Noninvasive Electrocardiology. 2009;14(4):327-32. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1542-474X.2009.00321.x 74. Damoun N, Amekran Y, Taiek N, El Hangouche AJ. Heart rate variability measurement and influencing factors: Towards the standardization of methodology. Global Cardiology Science & Practice. 2024;2024(4):e202435. https://doi.org/10.21542/gcsp.2024.35 75. Zhang W, Bi S, Luo L. The impact of long-term exercise intervention on heart rate variability indices: a systematic meta-analysis. Frontiers in Cardiovascular Medicine. 2025;12:1364905. https://doi.org/10.3389/fcvm.2025.1364905 76. Hillebrand S, Gast KB, de Mutsert R, Swenne CA, Jukema JW, Middeldorp S, et al. Heart rate variability and first cardiovascular event in populations without known cardiovascular disease: meta-analysis and dose–response meta-regression. Europace. 2013;15(5):742-9. https://doi.org/10.1093/europace/eus341 77. Ciolac EG, Bocchi EA, Bortolotto LA, Carvalho VO, Greve J, Guimaraes GV. Effects of high-intensity aerobic interval training vs. moderate exercise on hemodynamic, metabolic and neuro-humoral abnormalities of young normotensive women at high familial risk for hypertension. Hypertension Research. 2010;33(8):836-43. https://www.nature.com/articles/hr201072#citeas 78. Izadi MR, Ghardashi Afousi A, Asvadi Fard M, Babaee Bigi MA. High-intensity interval training lowers blood pressure and improves apelin and NOx plasma levels in older treated hypertensive individuals. Journal of physiology and biochemistry. 2018;74:47-55. https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s13105-017-0602-0 79. Chichagi F, Alikhani R, Hosseini MH, Azadi K, Shirsalimi N, Ghodsi S, Jameie M. The effects of high-intensity interval training and moderate-intensity continuous training on patients underwent Coronary Artery Bypass Graft surgery; a systematic review. American Journal of Cardiovascular Disease. 2024;14(6):306. https://doi.org/10.62347/EWMH1925 80. de Abreu RM, Rehder-Santos P, Simões RP, Catai AM. Can high-intensity interval training change cardiac autonomic control? A systematic review. Brazilian journal of physical therapy. 2019;23(4):279-89. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bjpt.2018.09.010 81. Barutcu I, Esen AM, Kaya D, Turkmen M, Karakaya O, Melek M, et al. Cigarette smoking and heart rate variability: dynamic influence of parasympathetic and sympathetic maneuvers. Annals of noninvasive electrocardiology. 2005;10(3):324-9. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1542-474X.2005.00636.x 82. Graessler B, Thielmann B, Boeckelmann I, Hoekelmann A. Effects of different training interventions on heart rate variability and cardiovascular health and risk factors in young and middle-aged adults: A systematic review. Frontiers in physiology. 2021;12:657274. https://doi.org/10.3389/fphys.2021.657274 83. Picard M, Tauveron I, Magdasy S, Benichou T, Bagheri R, Ugbolue UC, et al. Effect of exercise training on heart rate variability in type 2 diabetes mellitus patients: A systematic review and meta-analysis. PLoS One. 2021;16(5):e0251863. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0251863 84. Laustiola KE, Lassila R, Nurmi AK. Enhanced activation of the renin‐angiotensin‐aldosterone system in chronic cigarette smokers: a study of monozygotic twin pairs discordant for smoking. Clinical Pharmacology & Therapeutics. 1988;44(4):426-30. https://doi.org/10.1038/clpt.1988.175 85. Ghardashi-Afousi A, Holisaz MT, Shirvani H, Pishgoo B. The effects of low-volume high-intensity interval versus moderate intensity continuous training on heart rate variability, and hemodynamic and echocardiography indices in men after coronary artery bypass grafting: A randomized clinical trial study. ARYA atherosclerosis. 2018;14(6):260. https://doi.org/10.22122/arya.v14i6.1781 86. de Souza Mesquita FO, da Silva PBP, da Silva Neto HR, Moreira SR, Sobral Filho DC, Catai AM, et al. Acute effects of high-intensity interval training and moderate-intensity continuous training on linear and nonlinear heart rate variability measures in arterial hypertension. Research, Society and Development. 2021;10(7):e47110712106-e. https://doi.org/10.33448/rsd-v10i7.12106 87. Athanasiou N, Bogdanis GC, Mastorakos G. Endocrine responses of the stress system to different types of exercise. Reviews in Endocrine and Metabolic Disorders. 2023;24(2):251-66. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11154-022-09758-1 88. Arefirad T, Seif E, Sepidarkish M, Mohammadian Khonsari N, Mousavifar SA, Yazdani S, et al. Effect of exercise training on nitric oxide and nitrate/nitrite (NOx) production: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Frontiers in physiology. 2022;13:953912. https://doi.org/10.3389/fphys.2022.953912 89. Fallahi A, Gaeini A, Shekarfroush S, Khoshbaten A. Cardioprotective effect of high intensity interval training and nitric oxide metabolites (NO2−, NO3−). Iranian journal of public health. 2015;44(9):1270. https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC4645785/ 90. Goto C, Higashi Y, Kimura M, Noma K, Hara K, Nakagawa K, et al. Effect of different intensities of exercise on endothelium-dependent vasodilation in humans: role of endothelium-dependent nitric oxide and oxidative stress. Circulation. 2003;108(5):530-5. https://doi.org/10.1161/01.CIR.0000080893.55729.28 91. Park W, Sung S-C, Hong K-S. Impact of Cigarette Smoking and Exercise on Arterial Stiffness: A Narrative Literature Review. 운동과학. 2023;32(2):146-53. https://doi.org/10.15857/ksep.2023.00157 92. Oakes JM, Fuchs RM, Gardner JD, Lazartigues E, Yue X. Nicotine and the renin-angiotensin system. American Journal of Physiology-Regulatory, Integrative and Comparative Physiology. 2018;315(5):R895-R906. https://doi.org/10.1152/ajpregu.00099.2018 93. CHOWDHARY S, TOWNEND JN. Role of nitric oxide in the regulation of cardiovascular autonomic control. Clinical Science. 1999;97(1):5-17. https://doi.org/10.1042/cs0970005 94. Munk PS, Staal EM, Butt N, Isaksen K, Larsen AI. High-intensity interval training may reduce in-stent restenosis following percutaneous coronary intervention with stent implantation: a randomized controlled trial evaluating the relationship to endothelial function and inflammation. American heart journal. 2009;158(5):734-41. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ahj.2009.08.021 95. Massion PB, Dessy C, Desjardins F, Pelat M, Havaux X, Belge C, et al. Cardiomyocyte-restricted overexpression of endothelial nitric oxide synthase (NOS3) attenuates β-adrenergic stimulation and reinforces vagal inhibition of cardiac contraction. Circulation. 2004;110(17):2666-72. https://doi.org/10.1161/01.CIR.0000145608.80855.BC 96. Wisløff U, Støylen A, Loennechen JP, Bruvold M, Rognmo Ø, Haram PM, et al. Superior cardiovascular effect of aerobic interval training versus moderate continuous training in heart failure patients: a randomized study. Circulation. 2007;115(24):3086-94. https://doi.org/10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.106.675041 97. Nobari H, Nejad HA, Kargarfard M, Mohseni S, Suzuki K, Carmelo Adsuar J, Pérez-Gómez J. The effect of acute intense exercise on activity of antioxidant enzymes in smokers and non-smokers. Biomolecules. 2021;11(2):171. https://doi.org/10.3390/biom11020171