Effects of aerobic training and black carbon particles exposure on gene expression of NF-κB and TNF-α of hippocampus brain tissue of male rats

Document Type : Original Article

Authors

1 Faculty of Physical Education and Sport Science, Tarbiat Modaress University, Tehran, Iran

2 Faculty of Physical Education & Sport Sciences, Shahid Beheshti University, Tehran, Iran

3 Department of Exercise Physiology, Zanjan University, Zanjan, Iran

Abstract

Purpose: The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of aerobic exercise and black carbon particles
on gene expression of NF-κB and TNF-α in rats.
Methods: Twenty-four male Wistar rats with an average body mass 279.29±26.97 g were randomly divided
into 4 groups A: without exposure PM10 and aerobic exercise, B: aerobic training, C: exposure to PM10
carbon black (5 mg/m3; per rat), D: and aerobic exercise concomitantly with exposure to PM10 carbon black.
Twenty-four hours after the last training session and exposure, the animals were sacrificed. Real timePcr technique was used. Two-way ANOVA and post hoc LSD was used to determine the significance of
differences between groups.
Results: There was significant difference between groups A and B (P=0.001) and B and D (P=0.003) in the
amount of TNF-α. Significant difference between A and B groups (P=0.008) in the amount of NF-κB was
observed.
Conclusions: four weeks of aerobic exercise and PM10 exposure lead to modify the inflammatory factors of
NF-κB and TNF-α. It seems that these changes lead to reducing the risk of neurodegenerative diseases. 

Keywords


1. Seinfeld JH, Pandis SN. Atmospheric chemistry
and physics: from air pollution to climate
change. John Wiley & Sons; 2016 Apr 4.
2. Fashi M, Alinejad HA, Mahabadi HA. The effect
of aerobic exercise in ambient particulate
matter on lung tissue inflammation and lung
cancer. Iran J Cancer Prev. 2015; 8(3): e2333.
3. Calixto JB, Campos MM, Otuki MF, Santos AR.
Anti-inflammatory compounds of plant origin.
Part II. Modulation of pro-inflammatory
cytokines, chemokines and adhesion
molecules. Planta medica. 2004;70(02):93-103.
4. Plummer LE, Smiley-Jewell S, Pinkerton KE.
Impact of air pollution on lung inflammation
and the role of Toll-like receptors.
International Journal of Interferon, Cytokine
and Mediator Research. 2012;4(1):43-57.
5. van Berlo D, Albrecht C, Knaapen AM, Cassee
FR, Gerlofs-Nijland ME, Kooter IM, et al.
Comparative evaluation of the effects of shortterm inhalation exposure to diesel engine
exhaust on rat lung and brain. Archives of
toxicology. 2010;84(7):553-62.
6. Bihaqi SW, Singh AP ,Tiwari M.
Supplementation of Convolvulus pluricaulis
attenuates scopolamine-induced increased
tau and Amyloid precursor protein (AβPP)
expression in rat brain. Indian journal of
pharmacology. 2012;44(5):593. 7. Goto S, Naito H, Kaneko T, Chung HY, Radak Z.
Hormetic effects of regular exercise in aging:
correlation with oxidative stress. Applied
Physiology, Nutrition, and Metabolism.
2007;32(5):948-53.
8. Kinney PL. Interactions of Climate Change, Air
Pollution, and Human Health. Current
environmental health reports. 2018 Mar
1;5(1):179-86.
9. Cotman CW, Berchtold NC, Christie L-A.
Exercise builds brain health: key roles of
growth factor cascades and inflammation.
Trends in neurosciences. 2007;30(9):464-72.
10. Morgan JT, Chana G, Pardo CA, Achim C,
Semendeferi K, Buckwalter J, et al. Microglial
activation and increased microglial density
observed in the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex
in autism. Biological psychiatry. 2010;68(4):
368-76.
11. Shankardass K, McConnell R, Jerrett M, Milam
J, Richardson J, Berhane K. Parental stress
increases the effect of traffic-related air
pollution on childhood asthma incidence.
Proceedings of the National Academy of
Sciences. 2009;106(30):12406-11.
12. Bauer AK, Rondini EA, Hummel KA, Degraff LM,
Walker C, Jedlicka AE, et al .Identification of
candidate genes downstream of TLR4 signaling
after ozone exposure in mice: a role for heatshock protein 70. Environmental health
perspectives. 2011;119(8):1091.
13. CALDERon-GARCIDUEnas L, Reed W,
Maronpot RR, Henriquez-Roldán C, DelgadoChavez R, CALDERon-GARCIDUEnas A, et al.
Brain inflammation and Alzheimer's-like
pathology in individuals exposed to severe air
pollution. Toxicologic pathology. 2004;32(6):
650-8.
14. Calderón-Garcidueñas L, Mora-Tiscareño A,
Gómez-Garza G, Carrasco-Portugal MDC,
Pérez-Guillé B, Flores-Murrieta FJ, et al. Effects
of a cyclooxygenase-2 preferential inhibitor in
young healthy dogs exposed to air pollution: a
pilot study. Toxicologic pathology. 2009;37(5):
644-60.
15. Calderón-Garcidueñas L, D’Angiulli A ,Kulesza
RJ, Torres-Jardón R, Osnaya N, Romero L, et al.
Air pollution is associated with brainstem
auditory nuclei pathology and delayed
brainstem auditory evoked potentials.
International Journal of Developmental
Neuroscience. 2011;29(4):365-75.
16. Akira S, Takeda K. Toll-like receptor signalling.
Nature reviews immunology. 2004;4(7):499.
17. Daigle CC, Chalupa DC, Gibb FR, Morrow PE,
Oberdörster G, Utell MJ, Frampton MW.
Ultrafine particle deposition in humans during
rest and exercise. Inhalation toxicology. 2003
1;15(6):539-52.
18. Dishman RK, Berthoud HR, Booth FW, Cotman
CW, Edgerton VR, Fleshner MR, Zigmond MJ.
Neurobiology of Exercise. Obesity,2006, 14 (3),
345-356.
19. Fonken LK, Xu X, Weil ZM, Chen G, Sun Q,
Rajagopalan S, et al. Air pollution impairs
cognition ,provokes depressive-like behaviors
and alters hippocampal cytokine expression
and morphology. Molecular psychiatry.
2011;16(10):987.
20. Pedersen BK. The anti-inflammatory effect of
exercise: its role in diabetes and
cardiovascular disease control. Essays in
biochemistry. 2006;42:105-17.
21. Kargarfard M, Poursafa P, Rezanejad S,
Mousavinasab F. Effects of exercise in polluted air on the aerobic power, serum lactate level
and cell blood count of active individuals.
International journal of preventive medicine.
2011;2(3):145.
22. Campbell ME, Li Q, Gingrich SE, Macfarlane
RG, Cheng S. Should people be physically
active outdoors on smog alert days?. Canadian
Journal of Public Health/Revue Canadienne de
Sante'e Publique. 2005, 1:24-8.
23. Sharman JE. Clinicians prescribing exercise: is
air pollution a hazard? Medical journal of
Australia. 2005;182(12):606.
24. Vieira RdP, Toledo AC, Silva LB, Almeida FM,
Damaceno-Rodrigues NR, Caldini EG, et al.
Anti-inflammatory effects of aerobic exercise
in mice exposed to air pollution. Medicine &
Science in Sports & Exercise. 2012;44(7):1227-
34.
25. Calderón-Garcidueñas L, Macías-Parra M,
Hoffmann HJ, Valencia-Salazar G, HenríquezRoldán C, Osnaya N, et al. Immunotoxicity and
environment: immunodysregulation and
systemic inflammation in children. Toxicologic
pathology. 2009;37(2):161-9.
26. Kelly F, Fussell J. Air pollution and airway
disease. Clinical & Experimental Allergy.
2011;41(8):1059-71.
27. Rosenlund M, Forastiere F, Porta D, De Sario
M, Badaloni C, Perucci CA. Traffic-related air
pollution in relation to respiratory symptoms,
allergic sensitisation and lung function in
schoolchildren. Thorax. 2009;64(7):573-80.
28. Gold MJ, Hiebert PR, Park HY, Stefanowicz D,
Le A, Starkey MR, Deane A, Brown AC, Liu G,
Horvat JC, Ibrahim ZA. Mucosal production of
uric acid by airway epithelial cells contributes
to particulate matter-induced allergic
sensitization. Mucosal immunology. 2016 ;9(3)
:809.
29. Tsai D-H, Amyai N, Marques-Vidal P, Wang J-L,
Riediker M, Mooser V, et al. Effects of
particulate matter on inflammatory markers in
the general adult population .Particle and fibre
toxicology. 2012;9(1):24.
30. Gleeson M, Bishop NC, Stensel DJ, Lindley MR,
Mastana SS, Nimmo MA. The antiinflammatory effects of exercise: mechanisms
and implications for the prevention and
treatment of disease. Nature Reviews
Immunology. 2011;11(9):607.
31. Nichol KE, Poon WW, Parachikova AI, Cribbs
DH, Glabe CG, Cotman CW. Exercise alters the
immune profile in Tg2576 Alzheimer mice
toward a response coincident with improved
cognitive performance and decreased
amyloid. Journal of neuroinflammation.
2008;5(1):13.
32. Xu X, Yavar Z, Verdin M, Ying Z, Mihai G,
Kampfrath T, et al. Effect of early particulate
air pollution exposure on obesity in mice: role
of p47phox. Arteriosclerosis, thrombosis, and
vascular biology. 2010;30(12):2518-2527.
33. Fisher G, Hyatt TC, Hunter GR, Oster RA,
Desmond RA, Gower BA. Effect of diet with
and without exercise training on markers of
inflammation and fat distribution in
overweight women. Obesity. 2011;19(6):
1131-6.
34. Pischon T, Hankinson SE, Hotamisligil GS, Rifai
N, Rimm EB. Leisure‐time physical activity and
reduced plasma levels of obesity‐related
inflammatory markers. Obesity. 2003;11(9):
1055-64 35. Ziccardi P, Nappo F, Giugliano G, Esposito K,
Marfella R, Cioffi M, et al. Reduction of
inflammatory cytokine concentrations and
improvement of endothelial functions in
obese women after weight loss over one year.
Circulation. 2002;105(7):804-9.
  • Receive Date: 25 April 2016
  • Revise Date: 06 October 2016
  • Accept Date: 26 December 2016
  • First Publish Date: 23 August 2018
  • Publish Date: 23 August 2018