Investigation the effect of low-intensity aerobic training for 10 weeks along with blood flow restriction on amount of protein BDNF in soleus and EDL muscles as well as the sciatic nerve in aged male rats

Document Type : original article

Author

Exercise physiology PHD. studendent

Abstract

Abstract
The current study aims to investigat the effect of low-intensity aerobic training for 10 weeks along with blood flow restriction on amount of protein BDNF in soleus and EDL muscles as well as the sciatic nerve in aged male rats.
Methods: 60 aged -Wistar male rats (23-24 months) were chosen which their weigh were 355 to 481 grams. They were divided into 6 groups randomly, blood flow restriction (BFR), exercise with blood flow restriction (BFR + Ex), sham(Sh), sham exercise (Sham + Ex), control (Ctl) and control exercise (Ex). They were trained with a low aerobic exercise (15 m / min) for 1 hour, 5 days a week for 10 weeks then were sacrificed 48 hours after the last training session. The samples of muscle and the sciatic nerve were separated immediately and they were put in a solid nitrogen. and Then,they were preserved at -80 ° C. The protein samples were detected by Western Bloting method. The statistical analysis were conducted with SPSS software version 18. Data normal distribution determind by Shapiro – Wilk test. Comparisons were performed among different groups by one-way ANOVA and post hoc Tukey’s test. P values less than 0.05 were considered as statistically significant.
Results: The results have shown that BDNF protein in the EDL muscle for BFR + Ex group significantly decreases only with Ctl and Sh groups (P˂0.05). In addtion, in soleus muscle BFR + Ex group significantly decreased in all groups (with groups Ctl, Sh and BFR 0.00 = p and Ex and Sh + Ex p˂0.03). moeover, Ex, Sh + Ex groups in comparision with Ctl and Sh have decreased significantly (0.00 = p). On the other hand, the sciatic nerve of BFR + Ex group, in comparision with all groups, increased significant (0.00 = p).

Conclusion: This study has indicates that this type of exercise affects on the BDNF protein in slow and fastwitch muscles. Furthermore, BFR+Ex , as a training method, can influence on nerve and muscule positively.
key words:Endurance training-neurotrophic factors- reduced blood flow- aging

Keywords


  1. Greenlund L, Nair KS. Sarcopenia—consequences, mechanisms, and potential therapies. Mechanisms of ageing and development. 2003;124(3):287-99.
  2. Chien M-Y, Kuo H-K, Wu Y-T. Sarcopenia, cardiopulmonary fitness, and physical disability in community-dwelling elderly people. Physical therapy. 2010;90(9):1277.
  3. Fry CS, Glynn EL, Drummond MJ, Timmerman KL, Fujita S, Abe T, et al. Blood flow restriction exercise stimulates mTORC1 signaling and muscle protein synthesis in older men. Journal of applied physiology. 2010;108(5):1199-209.
  4. Doherty TJ. Invited review: aging and sarcopenia. Journal of applied physiology. 2003;95(4):1717-27.
  5. Baumgartner RN, Koehler KM, Gallagher D, Romero L, Heymsfield SB, Ross RR, et al. Epidemiology of sarcopenia among the elderly in New Mexico. American journal of epidemiology. 1998;147(8):755-63.
  6. Doherty TJ, Vandervoort AA, Taylor AW, Brown WF. Effects of motor unit losses on strength in older men and women. Journal of Applied Physiology. 1993;74(2):868-74.
  7. Mousavi K, Jasmin BJ. BDNF is expressed in skeletal muscle satellite cells and inhibits myogenic differentiation. Journal of Neuroscience. 2006;26(21):5739-49.
  8. Huang EJ, Reichardt LF. Trk receptors: roles in neuronal signal transduction. Annual review of biochemistry. 2003;72(1):609-42.
  9. Nykjaer A, Willnow TE, Petersen CM. p75 NTR–live or let die. Current opinion in neurobiology. 2005;15(1):49-57.
  10. Zhang X-h, Poo M-m. Localized synaptic potentiation by BDNF requires local protein synthesis in the developing axon. Neuron. 2002;36(4):675-88.
  11. Yan Q, Elliott JL, Matheson C, Sun J, Zhang L, Mu X, et al. Influences of neurotrophins on mammalian motoneurons in vivo. Journal of neurobiology. 1993;24(12):1555-77.
  12. Mousavi K, Parry DJ, Jasmin BJ. BDNF rescues myosin heavy chain IIB muscle fibers after neonatal nerve injury. American Journal of Physiology-Cell Physiology. 2004;287(1):C22-C9.
  13. Berchtold NC, Kesslak JP, Pike CJ, Adlard PA, Cotman CW. Estrogen and exercise interact to regulate brain‐derived neurotrophic factor mRNA and protein expression in the hippocampus. European Journal of Neuroscience. 2001;14(12):1992-2002.
  14. Adlard PA, Perreau VM, Engesser-Cesar C, Cotman CW. The timecourse of induction of brain-derived neurotrophic factor mRNA and protein in the rat hippocampus following voluntary exercise. Neuroscience letters. 2004;363(1):43-8.
  15. Adlard PA, Perreau VM, Cotman CW. The exercise-induced expression of BDNF within the hippocampus varies across life-span. Neurobiology of aging. 2005;26(4):511-20.
  16. Vaynman S, Ying Z, Gomez‐Pinilla F. Hippocampal BDNF mediates the efficacy of exercise on synaptic plasticity and cognition. European Journal of Neuroscience. 2004;20(10):2580-90.
  17. Correia PR, Pansani A, Machado F, Andrade M, Silva ACd, Scorza FA, et al. Acute strength exercise and the involvement of small or large muscle mass on plasma brain-derived neurotrophic factor levels. Clinics. 2010;65(11):1123-6.
  18. STAND P. Progression models in resistance training for healthy adults. Medicine and science in sports and exercise. 2009;41(3):687-708.
  19. Nelson ME, Rejeski WJ, Blair SN, Duncan PW, Judge JO, King AC, et al. Physical activity and public health in older adults. Recommendation from the American College of Sports Medicine and the American Heart Association. Circulation. 2007.
  20. Sato Y. The history and future of KAATSU training. International Journal of KAATSU Training Research. 2005;1(1):1-5.
  21. Loenneke J, Abe T, Wilson J, Thiebaud R, Fahs C, Rossow L, et al. Blood flow restriction: an evidence based progressive model (Review). Acta Physiologica Hungarica. 2012;99(3):235-50.
  22. Ogborn DI, Gardiner PF. Effects of exercise and muscle type on BDNF, NT‐4/5, and TrKB expression in skeletal muscle. Muscle & nerve. 2010;41(3):385-91.
  23. Jimenez‐Maldonado A, Cerna‐Cortes J, Castro‐Rodriguez EM, Montero SA, Muñiz J, Rodriguez‐Hernandez A, et al. Effects of moderate‐and high‐intensity chronic exercise on brain‐derived neurotrophic factor expression in fast and slow muscles. Muscle & nerve. 2015.
  24. Yang H, Feng Y, Allen LA, Protter A, Terjung RL. Efficacy and specificity of bFGF increased collateral flow in experimental peripheral arterial insufficiency. American Journal of Physiology-Heart and Circulatory Physiology. 2000;278(6):H1966-H73.
  25. Yang H, Ogilvie RW, Terjung RL. Low-intensity training produces muscle adaptations in rats with femoral artery stenosis. Journal of Applied Physiology. 1991;71(5):1822-9.
  26. Deschenes MR, Roby MA, Glass EK. Aging influences adaptations of the neuromuscular junction to endurance training. Neuroscience. 2011;190:56-66.
  27. Deschenes M, Tenny K, Wilson M. Increased and decreased activity elicits specific morphological adaptations of the neuromuscular junction. Neuroscience. 2006;137(4):1277-83.
  28. Alshuaib WB, Fahim MA. Effect of exercise on physiological age-related change at mouse neuromuscular junctions. Neurobiology of aging. 1990;11(5):555-61.
  29. Hajali V, Sheibani V, Mahani SE, Hajializadeh Z, Shabani M, Aliabadi HP, et al. Ovariectomy does not exacerbate the negative effects of sleep deprivation on synaptic plasticity in rats. Physiology & behavior. 2015;144:73-81.
  30. Ogborn DI. Effects of exercise on tropomyosin-related kinase B receptor isoforms and ligands in skeletal muscle. 2007.
  31. Dupont‐Versteegden EE, Houle JD, Dennis RA, Zhang J, Knox M, Wagoner G, et al. Exercise‐induced gene expression in soleus muscle is dependent on time after spinal cord injury in rats. Muscle & nerve. 2004;29(1):73-81.
  32. Gomez‐Pinilla F, Ying Z, Opazo P, Roy R, Edgerton V. Differential regulation by exercise of BDNF and NT‐3 in rat spinal cord and skeletal muscle. European Journal of Neuroscience. 2001;13(6):1078-84.
  33. Gonzalez M, Ruggiero FP, Chang Q, Shi Y-J, Rich MM, Kraner S, et al. Disruption of Trkb-mediated signaling induces disassembly of postsynaptic receptor clusters at neuromuscular junctions. Neuron. 1999;24(3):567-83.
  34. Matthews V, Åström M-B, Chan M, Bruce C, Krabbe K, Prelovsek O, et al. Brain-derived neurotrophic factor is produced by skeletal muscle cells in response to contraction and enhances fat oxidation via activation of AMP-activated protein kinase. Diabetologia. 2009;52(7):1409-18.
  35. Zhan WZ, Mantilla CB, Sieck GC. Regulation of neuromuscular transmission by neurotrophins. Sheng li xue bao:[Acta physiologica Sinica]. 2003;55(6):617-24.
  36. Verge VM. Differential expression of mRNAs for neurotrophins and their receptors after axotomy of the sciatic nerve. The Journal of cell biology. 1993;123(2):455-65.
  37. Copray S, Liem R, Brouwer N, Greenhaff P, Habens F, Fernyhough P. Contraction-induced muscle fiber damage is increased in soleus muscle of streptozotocin-diabetic rats and is associated with elevated expression of brain-derived neurotrophic factor mRNA in muscle fibers and activated satellite cells. Experimental neurology. 2000;161(2):597-608.
  38. Desaulniers P, Lavoie P-A, Gardiner PF. Habitual exercise enhances neuromuscular transmission efficacy of rat soleus muscle in situ. Journal of Applied Physiology. 2001;90(3):1041-8.
  39. Deschenes M, Maresh C, Crivello J, Armstrong L, Kraemer W, Covault J. The effects of exercise training of different intensities on neuromuscular junction morphology. Journal of neurocytology. 1993;22(8):603-15.
  40. Gonzalez M, Collins WF. Modulation of motoneuron excitability by brain-derived neurotrophic factor. Journal of neurophysiology. 1997;77(1):502-6.
  41. Curtis R, Tonra JR, Stark JL, Adryan KM, Park JS, Cliffer KD, et al. Neuronal injury increases retrograde axonal transport of the neurotrophins to spinal sensory neurons and motor neurons via multiple receptor mechanisms. Molecular and Cellular Neuroscience. 1998;12(3):105-18.
  42. Reynolds AJ, Bartlett SE, Hendry IA. Molecular mechanisms regulating the retrograde axonal transport of neurotrophins. Brain research reviews. 2000;33(2):169-78.
  43. R Deschenes M. Motor unit and neuromuscular junction remodeling with aging. Current aging science. 2011;4(3):209-20.
  44. Nakajima T, Yasuda T, Sato Y, Morita T, Yamasoba T. Effects of Exercise and Anti-Aging. Anti-Aging Medicine. 2011;8(7):92-102.
  45. Manini TM, Clark BC. Blood flow restricted exercise and skeletal muscle health. Exercise and sport sciences reviews. 2009;37(2):78-85.
  46. Clark B, Manini T, Hoffman R, Williams P, Guiler M, Knutson M, et al. Relative safety of 4 weeks of blood flow‐restricted resistance exercise in young, healthy adults. Scandinavian journal of medicine & science in sports. 2011;21(5):653-62.
  47. Park BR, Hwang JH, Kim MS, Lee MY, Rhee JK, Lee SH. Modulation of BDNF expression by electrical stimulation in hindlimb muscles of rats. Neuroscience Research Communications. 2004;34(1):10-9.
  48. Saka Y, Yoshimura O, Tahara H, Takeda Y, Moriyama H, Maejima H, et al. The mRNA expression of neurotrophins in different skeletal muscles of young rats. Hiroshima journal of medical sciences. 2007;56(3-4):23-8.
  49. Gold SM, Schulz K-H, Hartmann S, Mladek M, Lang UE, Hellweg R, et al. Basal serum levels and reactivity of nerve growth factor and brain-derived neurotrophic factor to standardized acute exercise in multiple sclerosis and controls. Journal of neuroimmunology. 2003;138(1):99-105.
  50. Knaepen K, Goekint M, Heyman EM, Meeusen R. Neuroplasticity—exercise-induced response of peripheral brain-derived neurotrophic factor. Sports medicine. 2010;40(9):765-801.
  51. Sagot Y, Rosse T, Vejsada R, Perrelet D, Kato AC. Differential effects of neurotrophic factors on motoneuron retrograde labeling in a murine model of motoneuron disease. Journal of Neuroscience. 1998;18(3):1132-41.
  52. Ishihara A, Roy RR, Ohira Y, Ibata Y, Edgerton VR. Hypertrophy of rat plantaris muscle fibers after voluntary running with increasing loads. Journal of Applied Physiology. 1998;84(6):2183-9.
  53. Zafra F, Lindholm D, Castren E, Hartikka J, Thoenen H. Regulation of brain-derived neurotrophic factor and nerve growth factor mRNA in primary cultures of hippocampal neurons and astrocytes. Journal of Neuroscience. 1992;12(12):4793-9.
  54. Krisan AD, Collins DE, Crain AM, Kwong CC, Singh MK, Bernard JR, et al. Resistance training enhances components of the insulin signaling cascade in normal and high-fat-fed rodent skeletal muscle. Journal of applied physiology. 2004;96(5):1691-700.
  55. Pierno S, Desaphy JF, Liantonio A, De Luca A, Zarrilli A, Mastrofrancesco L, et al. Disuse of rat muscle in vivo reduces protein kinase C activity controlling the sarcolemma chloride conductance. The Journal of physiology. 2007;584(3):983-95.
  56. Lee AC, Vivian MY, Lowe JB, Brenner MJ, Hunter DA, Mackinnon SE, et al. Controlled release of nerve growth factor enhances sciatic nerve regeneration. Experimental neurology. 2003;184(1):295-303.
  57. Ho P-R, Coan GM, Cheng ET, Niell C, Tarn DM, Zhou H, et al. Repair with collagen tubules linked with brain-derived neurotrophic factor and ciliary neurotrophic factor in a rat sciatic nerve injury model. Archives of Otolaryngology–Head & Neck Surgery. 1998;124(7):761-6.
  58. Vögelin E, Baker J, Gates J, Dixit V, Constantinescu MA, Jones N. Effects of local continuous release of brain derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) on peripheral nerve regeneration in a rat model. Experimental neurology. 2006;199(2):348-53.
  59. Swallow M. Fibre size and content of the anterior tibial nerve of the foot. Journal of Neurology, Neurosurgery & Psychiatry. 1966;29(3):205-13.
  60. Ochoa J, Mair W. The normal sural nerve in man. Acta neuropathologica. 1969;13(3):217-39.
  61. Ye J-H, Houle JD. Treatment of the chronically injured spinal cord with neurotrophic factors can promote axonal regeneration from supraspinal neurons. Experimental neurology. 1997;143(1):70-81.
  • Receive Date: 01 February 2017
  • Revise Date: 07 February 2021
  • Accept Date: 31 December 2020
  • First Publish Date: 31 December 2020
  • Publish Date: 20 February 2019