تأثیر دوازده هفته تمرینات شطرنج در شرایط تنگی زمان بر برخی شاخص‌های الکتروانسفالوگرافی و مهارتی در شطرنج‌بازان

نوع مقاله : مقاله پژوهشی

نویسندگان

1 گروه فیزیولوژی ورزشی، دانشکده تربیت بدنی و علوم ورزشی، دانشگاه تبریز، تبریز، ایران

2 گروه فیزیولوژی پزشکی،دانشکده علوم پزشکی، واحد علوم پزشکی تبریز، دانشگاه آزاداسلامی، تبریز، ایران

چکیده

زمینه و هدف: شطرنج در شرایط تنگی زمان از چالش‌های بسیار مهمی است که شطرنج‌بازان در طول رقابت‌های گوناگون در مراحل پایانی بازی با آن مواجه می‌شوند و عملکرد ورزشکاران این رشته را در طول رقابت تحت تأثیر قرار می‌دهد، ازاین‌رو پیشنهاد راهکارهای تمرینی مناسب در راستای بهبود عملکرد ورزشکاران این رشتۀ ورزشی و بررسی سازوکارهای مربوطه ضروری است. بنابراین هدف از تحقیق حاضر، بررسی تأثیر 12 هفته تمرینات شطرنج در شرایط تنگی زمان بر شاخص‌های الکتروانسفالوگرافی و مهارتی در شطرنج‌بازان است.
مواد و روش‌ها: در یک پژوهش نیمه‌تجربی از میان شطرنج‌بازان 15-22 سال در بازۀ درجۀ بین‌المللی (ELO) 1400-2000 که پیشینۀ دست‌کم سه سال شطرنج را داشتند، 28 نفر به‌صورت داوطلبانه در پژوهش شرکت نمودند و در دو گروه 14 نفره شامل گروه تمرین در شرایط تنگی زمان و گروه تمرینات همیشگی شطرنج جایگزین شدند. در اولین روز پژوهش، وزن، قد، شاخص تودۀ بدنی و شاخص‌های الکتروانسفالوگرافی آزمودنی‌ها در حالت استراحت و حین بازی در شرایط تنگی زمان اندازه‌گیری شد. گروه تمرین شطرنج، 12 هفته تمرینات ویژۀ شطرنج در شرایط تنگی زمان را به‌صورت پنج جلسه در هفته و هر جلسه به مدت چهار ساعت در بازۀ زمانی چهار تا هشت عصر انجام دادند. گروه کنترل در این مدت تمرینات همیشگی شطرنج خود را داشتند. در هفته‌های ششم و دوازدهم اجرای روش تمرینی، شاخص‌های الکتروانسفالوگرافی و مهارتی تمام آزمودنی‌ها برای تعیین توان مطلق امواج تتا، آلفا و نسبت تتا به آلفا ثبت شد. تغییرات شاخص‌های مورد بررسی طی مراحل گوناگون اندازه‌گیری با آزمون‌های آنووای مکرر با عامل بین گروهی، آزمون تعقیبی بنفرونی و تی مستقل به کمک نرم‌افزار SPSS22 در سطح معناداری 05/0> P بررسی شد.
نتایج: پس از تأیید همگنی گروه‌ها در متغیر پژوهش (05/0<P)، پس از شش هفته انجام تمرین با محدودیت زمانی و همیشگی افزایش معناداری درون گروهی در شاخص توان مطلق امواج تتا، آلفا و نسبت تتا به آلفا مشاهده شد (05/>P)، اما تفاوت بین‌گروهی از دید شاخص‌های یادشده دیده نشد (05/0<P). با این ‌همه پس از 12 هفته میزان افزایش موج تتا و نسبت آلفا به تتا در گروه تمرین با محدودیت زمانی به‌طور معناداری با گروه تمرین همیشگی تفاوت داشت (05/ >P).
نتیجه‌گیری: تمرینات شطرنج با محدودیت زمانی شاید سبب ایجاد تغییرات مثبتی در قشر مغزی با تعدیل فعالیت امواج تتا شود. بنابراین تمرینات شطرنج با محدودیت زمانی می‌تواند مداخلۀ مؤثری برای بهبود امواج مغزی و فعالیت الکتریکی قشر مغز و به‌طور نهفته ارتقای عملکرد مغزی شطرنج‌بازان باشد.
 

کلیدواژه‌ها

موضوعات


عنوان مقاله [English]

The effect of 12 weeks of chess-based training under time pressure on some electroencephalographic and skill indices in chess players

نویسندگان [English]

  • Vahid Sari-Sarraf 1
  • Javad Vakili 1
  • Seyed Mahmoud Tabatabaei 2
  • Asghar Golizadeh 1
1 Department of Exercise Physiology, Faculty of Physical Education and Sports Sciences, University of Tabriz, Tabriz, Iran
2 Department of Medical Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Tabriz Medical Sciences, Islamic Azad University, Tabriz Branch, Iran
چکیده [English]

Background and Purpose: Playing chess under time pressure is one of the most important challenges faced by chess players during various competitions in the final stages of the game, and it affects the performance of athletes in this field during the competition. Therefore, suggesting the suitable training solutions is considered necessary to improve the performance of athletes in this sport along with its occurrence mechanisms. Therefore, the aim of the current study was to investigate the effect of chess-based training in time pressure on the electroencephalography and skill indices in chess players.
Materials and Methods: In a semi-experimental research among chess players with age range of 15-22 yearsin the international level (ELO)of 2000-1400 who had the experience of at least 3 years of chess activity, 28 players voluntarily participated in the study and were randomly allocated into two groups including chess-based training under time pressure and the normal chess training. On the first day of the study, weight, height, body mass index and electroencephalography indices were recorded at rest and during the game under time pressure. The chess-based training group did 12 weeks of special chess training under time pressure,5 sessions per week, 4 hours per session between 16:00 to 20:00. In the sixth and twelfth week of the study protocol, the electroencephalography and skill indices of all subjects were recorded to determine the absolute and relative power of theta and alpha waves and the theta to alpha ratio. The data were analyzed by using a analysis of variance with between group factor, bonferroni post hoc and independent t-test using SPSS22 software at a significance level of P<0.05.
Results: Two groups were homogenouse for all measured variables (P>0.05). Six weeks of regular and time-limited exercise resulted in a significant increase in the absolute and relative power index of theta and alpha waves, and the ratio of theta to alpha waves (P<0.05), though no intra-group and inter-group differences were observed for these variables (P>0.05). However, the increase in theta wave and the alpha to theta ratio in the time-limited training group were significantly higher than the normal training group.
Conclusion: It could be concluded that time-limited chess-based training may result in positive changes in the cerebral cortex by modulating theta wave activity. Therefore, time-limited chess training can be an effective intervention to improve the brain waves and electrical activity of the cerebral cortex, and that it could potentially improve the brain performance of chess players.

کلیدواژه‌ها [English]

  • Chess
  • Chess-Based Training under Time Pressure
  • Electroencephalography
  • Theta
  • Alpha Waves
  1. Howard RWJP, Differences I. Objective evidence of rising population ability: A detailed examination of longitudinal chess data. 2005;38(2):347-63.
  2. Wright MJ, Gobet F, Chassy P, Ramchandani PNJP. ERP to chess stimuli reveal expert‐novice differences in the amplitudes of N 2 and P 3 components. 2013;50(10):1023-33.
  3. Volke H-J, Dettmar P, Richter P, Rudolf M, Buhss UJJoP. On-coupling and off-coupling of neocortical areas in chess experts and novices as revealed by evoked EEG coherence measures and factor-based topological analysis--a pilot study. 2002;16(1):23.
  4. Connors MH, Burns BD, Campitelli GJCs. Expertise in complex decision making: the role of search in chess 70 years after de Groot. 2011;35(8):1567-79.
  5. Guida A, Gobet F, Tardieu H, Nicolas SJB, cognition. How chunks, long-term working memory and templates offer a cognitive explanation for neuroimaging data on expertise acquisition: a two-stage framework. 2012;79(3):221-44.
  6. https://www.fide.com/.
  7. Nanu CC, Coman C, Bularca MC, Mesesan-Schmitz L, Gotea M, Atudorei I, et al. The role of chess in the development of children-parents’ perspectives. 2023;14.
  8. Villafaina S, Collado-Mateo D, Cano-Plasencia R, Gusi N, Fuentes JPJP, behavior. Electroencephalographic response of chess players in decision-making processes under time pressure. 2019;198:140-3.
  9. Sigman M, Etchemendy P, Fernandez Slezak D, Cecchi GAJFin. Response time distributions in rapid chess: a large-scale decision making experiment. 2010;4:60.
  10. Rostamkalaee SN, Rostami R, Rahiminezhad A, Farahani HJJoCP. A Comparison between Spectral Power of Electroencephalogram at Rest (Eyes Closed) and Evoked Related Potential among Depressed and Healthy Individuals. 2020;7(4):80-95.
  11. Yousefpour Dehaghani A, Gharakhanlou R, Rezasoltani Zahra Z. Effect of 30 hours sleep deprivation on shooting score and corticospinal excitability in soldiers. Journal of Sport and Exercise Physiology. 2019;12(2):15-29.. [In Persian]
  12. Koudelková Z, Strmiska M, Jašek RJIJOB, Eng. B. Analysis of brain waves according to their frequency. 2018;12:202-7.
  13. Alipour A, Seifzadeh S, Aligholi H, Nami MJJoIN. QEEG-based neural correlates of decision making in a well-trained eight year-old chess player. 2018;17(3):297-306.
  14. Conley AC, Cooper PS, Karayanidis F, Gardner AJ, Levi CR, Stanwell P, et al. Resting state electroencephalography and sports-related concussion: a systematic review. 2019;36(1):1-13.
  15. Seidel O, Carius D, Roediger J, Rumpf S, Ragert PJEbr. Changes in neurovascular coupling during cycling exercise measured by multi-distance fNIRS: a comparison between endurance athletes and physically active controls. 2019;237(11):2957-72.
  16. Fuentes-García JP, Villafaina S, Collado-Mateo D, Cano-Plasencia R, Gusi NJIjoer, health p. Chess players increase the theta power spectrum when the difficulty of the opponent increases: an EEG study. 2020;17(1):46.
  17. Seo S, Lee JJBI. Convergence and Hybrid Information Technologies, Stress and EEG Crisan M, editor. 2010.
  18. Shariati A, Jahani S, Hooshmand M, Khalili NJCtim. The effect of acupressure on sleep quality in hemodialysis patients. 2012;20(6):417-23.
  19. Foji S, Tadayonfar MA, Mohsenpour M, Rakhshani MHJCTiCP. The study of the effect of guided imagery on pain, anxiety and some other hemodynamic factors in patients undergoing coronary angiography. 2015;21(2):119-23.
  20. Dabbagh Nikookheslat S, Sari Sarraf V. Effect of 30 hours sleep deprivation on physical fitness factors of Active male college. Journal of Sport and Biomotor Sciences. 2015;6(12):5-15.
  21. Ftaiti F, Kacem A, Jaidane N, Tabka Z, Dogui MJAE. Changes in EEG activity before and after exhaustive exercise in sedentary women in neutral and hot environments. 2010;41(6):806-11.
  22. Osipova D, Takashima A, Oostenveld R, Fernández G, Maris E, Jensen OJJon. Theta and gamma oscillations predict encoding and retrieval of declarative memory. 2006;26(28):7523-31.
  23. Parvin E, Mohammadian F, Amani-Shalamzari S, Bayati M, Tazesh BJFian. Dual-Task Training Affect Cognitive and Physical Performances and Brain Oscillation Ratio of Patients With Alzheimer’s Disease: A Randomized Controlled Trial. 2020;12.
  24. Schmidt MT, Kanda PA, Basile LF, da Silva Lopes HF, Baratho R, Demario JL, et al. Index of alpha/theta ratio of the electroencephalogram: a new marker for Alzheimer's disease. Front Aging Neurosci. 2013;5:60.
  25. Cibils D. Dementia and qEEG (Alzheimer's disease). Supplements to Clinical Neurophysiology. 54: Elsevier; 2002. p. 289-94.
  26. Colom LVJJon. Septal networks: relevance to theta rhythm, epilepsy and Alzheimer's disease. 2006;96(3):609-23.
  27. De la Rosa A, Olaso-Gonzalez G, Arc-Chagnaud C, Millan F, Salvador-Pascual A, García-Lucerga C, et al. Physical exercise in the prevention and treatment of Alzheimer's disease. 2020;9(5):394-404.
  28. Jia R-x, Liang J-h, Xu Y, Wang Y-qJBg. Effects of physical activity and exercise on the cognitive function of patients with Alzheimer disease: a meta-analysis. 2019;19(1):1-14.
  29. Amin HU, Malik AS, Hussain M, Kamel N, Chooi W-T, editors. Brain behavior during reasoning and problem solving task: an EEG study. 2014 5th International Conference on Intelligent and Advanced Systems (ICIAS); 2014: IEEE.
  30. Zakrzewska MZ, Brzezicka AJFiHN. Working memory capacity as a moderator of load-related frontal midline theta variability in Sternberg task. 2014;8:399.
  31. Fuentes-García JP, Pereira T, Castro MA, Santos AC, Villafaina SJP, behavior. Psychophysiological stress response of adolescent chess players during problem-solving tasks. 2019;209:112609.
  32. Dunst B, Benedek M, Jauk E, Bergner S, Koschutnig K, Sommer M, et al. Neural efficiency as a function of task demands. 2014;42:22-30.
  33. Lustenberger C, Boyle MR, Foulser AA, Mellin JM, Fröhlich FJC. Functional role of frontal alpha oscillations in creativity. 2015;67:74-82.
  34. Kotov AA. Think like a grandmaster: Batsford; 2012.
  35. Dania A, Kaltsonoudi K, Ktistakis I, Trampa K, Boti N, Pesce C. Chess training for improving executive functions and invasion game tactical behavior of college student athletes: a preliminary investigation. Physical Education and Sport Pedagogy. 2023;28(4):380-96.
  36. Van Harreveld F, Wagenmakers E-J, Van Der Maas HLJPr. The effects of time pressure on chess skill: an investigation into fast and slow processes underlying expert performance. 2007;71(5):591-7.
  37. Gutmann B, Mierau A, Hülsdünker T, Hildebrand C, Przyklenk A, Hollmann W, et al. Effects of physical exercise on individual resting state EEG alpha peak frequency. 2015;2015.