تأثیر ساعت مولکولی ماهیچة اسکلتی بر پیام‌رسانی سازگاری‌های عملکرد ورزشی

نوع مقاله : مقاله مروری

نویسندگان

گروه فیزیولوژی ورزشی ، دانشکده علوم ورزشی ، دانشگاه اصفهان ، اصفهان ، ایران

چکیده

فرایند‌های فیزیولوژیکی و رفتاری کم‌وبیش همة موجودات به زمان روز بستگی دارد. در پستانداران نور این فرایندها را در هستة فوق کیاسمایی هیپوتالاموس وارد می‌کند که ساعت مرکزی بدن را تشکیل می‌دهد و عملکرد بدن را با چرخة 24 ساعته نور و تاریکی هماهنگ می‌کند. آهنگ‌ شبانه‌روزی افزون بر جنبه‌های ادراکی و شناختی عملکرد، بر بسیاری از جنبه‌های وابسته به عملکرد فیزیولوژیکی مانند قدرت و انعطاف‌پذیری ماهیچه‌ها تأثیر می‌گذارند. همچنین بین عملکرد جسمی و تغییرات شبانه‌روزی (سیرکادین) دمای بدن همبستگی قوی و معناداری دیده می‌شود؛ به‌طوری‌که عملکرد بهینه همزمان با اوج دمای بدن در اوایل غروب است. ساعت شبانه‌روزی که مسئول آهنگ شبانه‌روزی است، کم‌وبیش در هر سلولی وجود دارد و اختلال در آن به بیماری‌های زیادی مانند دیابت نوع دو و نشانگان سوخت‌وسازی منجر می‌شود. یافته‌ها نشان می‌دهد هومئوستاز ماهیچه‌ اسکلتی نه‌تنها به‌دلیل نبود و کمبود فعالیت ورزشی و دریافت کم‌پروتئین رژیم غذایی، بلکه با اختلال در شرایط آهنگ شبانه‌روزی مانند کار مداوم و پیوستة شبانه، شیفت و نوبت کاری، کمبود خواب و پرواززدگی (Jet lag) شاید دچار اختلال شود. در این مطالعة مروری، مقالات وابسته به موضوع با استفاده از واژگان کلیدی ساعت مولکولی ماهیچه‌ای، عملکرد ورزشی، آهنگ شبانه‌روزی و فنوتیپ از متون منتشرشده و پایگاه‌های معتبر و با استفاده از موتورهای جست‌وجوی گوگل اسکالر و pubmed انتخاب و بررسی شدند. زمان انجام فعالیت‌های ورزشی اهمیت زیادی در عملکرد دارد. با وجود زمان انجام فعالیت، کرونوتایپ[1] می‌تواند عامل بسیار مهمی بر عملکرد باشد. بر پایة پژوهش‌های بررسی‌شده، در ورزشکاران رشته‌های مختلف تیمی و انفرادی بیشتر عملکردهای ورزشی مانند قدرت، سرعت، استقامت، دقت، توانایی بازیافت و هماهنگی در عصر و اوایل شب بهتر بوده است. این برتری در عصر را می‌توان به دمای بدن، ترشح هورمون‌ها، آهنگ سیرکادین، استراحت و بازیافت نسبت داد. در مواردی نیز مانند ورزش شنا، قدرت و استقامت در صبح بهتر بوده است. بر پایة اطلاعات جمع‌آوری‌شده در این مطالعة مروری، آهنگ‌های زیستی و فیزیولوژیکی بر عملکرد افراد تأثیر دارند. با وجود تفاوت‌های فردی و ترجیح شخصی در تعیین ساعات تمرین، با در نظر گرفتن زمان تمرینی ویژه در هر روز و تمرین در ابتدای روز می‌توان عملکرد افراد را بهبود بخشید. بالاتر بودن دمای بدن در عصرهنگام، افزایش سطح ترشح هورمون‌هایی مانند کورتیزول و تستوسترون و ... می‌تواند از عوامل مؤثر بر عملکرد بهتر ورزشکاران در عصر باشد. اما بسته به نوع فعالیت، سطح مهارت، جنسیت ورزشکاران و تفاوت‌های فردی زمان انجام فعالیت برای عملکرد بهتر می‌تواند متغیر باشد. افزون بر موارد ذکرشده ترجیح فردی برای انجام فعالیت در روز یا شب عاملی مهمی در بهبود عملکرد است.
 
 
 

کلیدواژه‌ها

موضوعات


عنوان مقاله [English]

The effect of skeletal muscle molecular clock on signaling of sportperformance adaptations

نویسندگان [English]

  • sahar Ghasemipour
  • Mohammad Faramarzi
Department of Sport Physiology, Faculty of Sport Sciences, Isfahan University, Isfahan, Iran
چکیده [English]

Physiological and behavioral processes of almost all organisms depend on the time of day. In mammals, light enters these processes in the suprachiasmatic nucleus of the hypothalamus, which forms the body's central clock, and synchronizes the body's functions with the 24-hour cycle of light and darkness. In addition to perceptual and cognitive aspects of performance, circadian rhythms affect many aspects related to physiological performance such as muscle strength and flexibility. There is also a strong relationship between physical performance and circadian rhythm of body temperature, with optimal physical performance coinciding with peak body temperature in the early evening. There is a circadian clock or rhythm almost in every cell, and its disturbance leads to many diseases such as type 2 diabetes and metabolic syndrome. Previous findings show that skeletal muscle homeostasis may be disrupted not only due to lack of physica activity and low dietary protein intake, but also due to disruption of circadian rhythm conditions such as continuous night work, shift work, sleep deprivation, and jet lag. In this review study, articles were selected and studied using muscle molecular clock, exercise performance, circadian rhythm, and phenotype keywords from published texts, valid sites and search engines such as Google Scholar and Pubmed. The time of sports activities is very important for performance. Despite the timing of the activity, chrnotype can also be a very effective for performance. According to the reviewed studies, most of the sports performance such as strength, speed, endurance, accuracy, recovery ability, and harmony were better in the evening for athletes in different team and individual disciplines. This superiority in the evening can be attributed to body temperature, hormone release, circadian rhythm, rest and recovery. In some cases, such as swimming, strength and endurance performance was better in the morning.Based on the results of studies presented in this review it could be concluded that biological and physiological rhythms have an effect on individual's physical performance. Despite individual differences and personal preferences in determining training hours, taking into account a specific training time each day and training at the beginning of the day can improve performance. Higher body temperature in the evening, and increasing the level of secretion of hormones such as cortisol and testosterone, could be effective factors for better performance in the evening. However, depending on the type of activity, skill level, gender of the athletes and individual differences, the time to have a better performance can vary. In addition, individual preference to perform activities during the day or night is an important factor in improving performance.

کلیدواژه‌ها [English]

  • Performance
  • Muscular mmolecular clock
  • Circadian rhythm
  • Skeletal muscle
  • Chronotype
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  • تاریخ دریافت: 25 بهمن 1402
  • تاریخ بازنگری: 10 اردیبهشت 1403
  • تاریخ پذیرش: 23 اردیبهشت 1403
  • تاریخ اولین انتشار: 23 اردیبهشت 1403
  • تاریخ انتشار: 01 اردیبهشت 1403