تأثیر تمرین مداوم با شدت متوسط و تناوبی شدید طی یک رژیم غذایی کتوژنیک بر میزان سرمی آیریزین، PGC-1α وUCP1 زنان چاق و دارای اضافه وزن

نوع مقاله : مقاله پژوهشی

نویسندگان

دانشکدة علوم ورزشی، دانشگاه ارومیه، ارومیه ایران

چکیده

زمینه و هدف: امروزه چاقی به یک چالش جهانی تبدیل شده است و استفاده از راهبردهای بر پایه رژیم غذایی و تمرین ورزشی توسط متخصصان و پژوهشگران برای کنترل وزن توصیه می‌شود. هدف از این پژوهش بررسی اثربخشی تمرین مداوم با شدت متوسط (MICT) و تمرین تناوبی شدید (HIIT) طی یک دوره رژیم غذایی کتوژنیک بر مقدار سرمی آیریزین، پرواکسی‌زوم گامای1 آلفا (PGC-1α)، پروتئین جفت نشده نوع 1 (UCP1) و نیمرخ لیپیدی زنان غیرفعال چاق و دارای اضافه وزن بود.
مواد و روش‌ها: 36 دانشجوی دختر غیرفعال زنان چاق و دارای اضافه وزن انتخاب شدند و به‌صورت تصادفی در سه گروه 12 نفرة رژیم کتوژنیک به‌تنهایی، رژیم کتوژنیک باMICT  و رژیم کتوژنیک با  HIITجایگزین شدند. گروه رژیم کتوژنیک باMICT  به مدت شش هفته و سه جلسه در هفته تمرین هوازی دویدن مداوم را با شدت متوسط 60-70 درصد ضربان قلب بیشینه و گروه رژیم کتوژنیک با  HIITدویدن با شدت 85-95 درصد ضربان قلب بیشینه را به‌صورت تناوبی‌های چهاردقیقه‌ای همراه با پیروی از رژیم غذایی کتوژنیک انجام دادند. گروه رژیم کتوژنیک بدون انجام هیچ‌گونه ورزش منظم، تنها از رژیم غذایی با محدودیت کربوهیدرات پیروی کردند. نمونه‌های خونی 48 ساعت پیش از نخستین جلسة تمرین و 48 ساعت پس از آخرین جلسة تمرینی جمع‌آوری شد. مقدار سرمی PGC-1α، UCP1 و آیریزین به روش الایزا و نیمرخ لیپیدی خون به روش سنجش آنزیمی رنگ‌آمیزی‌شده اندازه‌گیری شد. از تحلیل واریانس (ANOVA) دوطرفه با اندازه‌گیری مکرر و آزمون تعقیبی بنفرونی برای تحلیل داده‌ها استفاده شد.
نتایج: طبق نتایج آنووای 2 در 3، اثر تعاملی زمان در گروه تنها در میزان سرمی آیریزین (11/0p=)، UCP1 (003/0p=) و لیپوپروتئین پرچگال (001/0p=) معنادار بود. نتایج آزمون تعقیبی نشان داد که گروه رژیم کتوژنیک با HIIT افزایش معناداری نسبت به رژیم کتوژنیک به‌تنهایی در میزان آیریزین (009/0p=)  و لیپوپروتئین پرچگال (001/0p=) داشت. بین دو گروه تمرین طی رژیم کتوژنیک تفاوت معناداری وجود نداشت (05/0p>). هر دو گروه تمرین طی رژیم کتوژنیک نسبت به پیش‌آزمون تفاوت معناداری نشان دادند (05/0p˂). هر دو گروه تمرین با رژیم کتوژنیک افزایش معناداری نسبت به رژیم کتوژنیک به‌تنهایی در میزان سرمی UCP1 نشان دادند (05/0p˂). در میزان سرمی PGC-1α کلسترول تام و لیپوپروتئین کم‌چگال بین همة گروه‌ها تفاوت معناداری مشاهده نشد (05/0p>).
نتیجه‌گیری: بر اساس یافته‌های پژوهش حاضر، گمان می‌رود انجام هر دو نوع تمرین هوازی مداوم با شدت متوسط و تناوبی شدید همراه با رژیم کتوژنیک از نظر فعال‌سازی مسیرهای قهوه‌ای شدن بافت چربی و بهبود نیمرخ لیپیدی خون مؤثرتر از رژیم کتوژنیک به‌تنهایی در زنان چاق و دارای اضافه وزن باشد. با این همه، رژیم کتوژنیک به‌همراه HIIT اثربخشی بهتری نسبت به رژیم کتوژنیک باMICT  در میزان سرمی آیریزین و لیپوپروتئین پرچگال نشان داد.
 

کلیدواژه‌ها

موضوعات


عنوان مقاله [English]

The effects of moderate-intensity continuous training and high-intensity interval training during a ketogenic diet on serum levels of irisin, PGC-1α and UCP1 in overweight and obese women

نویسندگان [English]

  • Behnam Behravan
  • Kazem Khodaei
  • Kazem Khodaei
Faculty of Sports Sciences, Urmia University, Urmia, Iran
چکیده [English]

Background and Purpose: Nowadays, obesity has become a global challenge, and the use of strategies based on diet and exercise is recommended by experts and researchers for weight management. The aim of this study was to investigate the effectiveness of moderate-intensity continuous training (MICT) and high-intensity interval training (HIIT) during a ketogenic diet on the serum levels of irisin, peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma coactivator-1α (PGC-1α), uncoupling protein 1 (UCP1), and lipid profile of inactive overweight and obese women.
Materials and Methods: Thirty-six inactive overweight and obese female students were selected and randomly divided into three groups (n=12) of ketogenic diet, ketogenic diet with MICT, and ketogenic diet with HIIT. The ketogenic diet with MICT group performed continuous running aerobic training with moderate intensity of 60-70% of the maximum heart rate for six weeks, three sessions per week, while, the ketogenic diet with HIIT group performed interval running at an intensity corresponsing to 85-95% of the maximum heart rate in 4-minute intervals. During this period all groups followed a low-carbohaydrate diet and the ketogenic diet group had no regular exercise. Blood samples were collected 48 hours before first training session and 48 hours after the last training session. Serum levels of PGC-1α, UCP1 and irisin were measured by ELISA technique and blood lipid profile was measured by colored enzyme assay method. Analysis of variance (ANOVA) with repeated measures and Bonferroni's post-hoc test were used for data analysis.
Results: According to the results of ANOVA, the interaction effect of time in group was significant for the serum levels of irisin (p=0.011), UCP1 (p=0.003) and high-density lipoprotein (p=0.001). The results of the post-hoc test showed that the ketogenic diet group with HIIT had a significant increase in irisin (p=0.009) and high-density lipoprotein (p=0.001) compared to the ketogenic diet alone. There was no significant difference between the two training groups during ketogenic diet (p>0.05), though, within-group significant differences were detected in both training groups (p˂0.05). However, no significant between-group differences were observed in serum levels of PGC-1α, total cholesterol and low-density lipoprotein (p>0.05).
Conclusion: Based on the findings of the present study, it seems that performing both types of continuous aerobic exercise with moderate intensity and intense interval along with the ketogenic diet is more effective than the ketogenic diet in terms of activating the browning pathways of adipose tissue and improving the blood lipid profile, in overweight and obese women. However, the ketogenic diet with HIIT showed better effectiveness than the ketogenic diet with MICT for irisin and high-density lipoprotein.
 
 

کلیدواژه‌ها [English]

  • Obesity
  • Brown Fat
  • Diet
  • Exercise training
  • Blood Lipid Profilea
  1.  

    1. Margareto J, Larrarte E, Marti A, Martinez JA. Up-regulation of a thermogenesis-related gene (UCP1) and down-regulation of PPARγ and aP2 genes in adipose tissue: possible features of the antiobesity effects of a β3-adrenergic agonist. Biochemical pharmacology. 2001;61(12):1471-8.
    2. Fromme T, Klingenspor M. Uncoupling protein 1 expression and high-fat diets. American Journal of Physiology-Regulatory, Integrative and Comparative Physiology. 2011;300(1):R1-R8.
    3. Hojna S, Jordan MD, Kollias H, Pausova Z. High-fat diet induces emergence of brown-like adipocytes in white adipose tissue of spontaneously hypertensive rats. Hypertension research. 2012;35(3):279-86.
    4. Hartman AL, Vining EP. Clinical aspects of the ketogenic diet. Epilepsia. 2007;48(1):31-42.
    5. Paoli A. Ketogenic diet for obesity: friend or foe? International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2014;11(2):2092-107.
    6. Srivastava S, Baxa U, Niu G, Chen X, L. Veech R. A ketogenic diet increases brown adipose tissue mitochondrial proteins and UCP1 levels in mice. IUBMB life. 2013;65(1):58-66.
    7. Garber CE, Blissmer B, Deschenes MR, Franklin BA, Lamonte MJ, Lee I-M, et al. Quantity and quality of exercise for developing and maintaining cardiorespiratory, musculoskeletal, and neuromotor fitness in apparently healthy adults: guidance for prescribing exercise. 2011
    8. Talebi V, Alamdar KA, Patel DI. Simple and Complex Wheel Running Effect on Depression, Memory, Neuroinflammation and Neurogenesis in Alzheimer's Rat Model. Medicine and science in sports and exercise. 2024
    9. Geneen LJ, Moore RA, Clarke C, Martin D, Colvin LA, Smith BH. Physical activity and exercise for chronic pain in adults: an overview of Cochrane Reviews. Cochrane database of systematic reviews. 2017(4)
    10. Escalante Y, Saavedra JM, García-Hermoso A, Domínguez AM. Improvement of the lipid profile with exercise in obese children: a systematic review. Preventive medicine. 2012;54(5):293-301.
    11. García-Hermoso A, Carmona-López MI, Saavedra JM, Escalante Y. Ejercicio físico, desentrenamiento y perfil lipidico en niños obesos: una revisión sistemática. Archivos argentinos de pediatría. 2014;112(6):519-25.
    12. Astrup A. Is there any conclusive evidence that exercise alone reduces glucose intolerance? The British Journal of Diabetes & Vascular Disease. 2003;3(1_suppl):S18-S23.
    13. Keshel TE, Coker RH. Exercise training and insulin resistance: a current review. Journal of obesity & weight loss therapy. 2015;5(0 5)
    14. McMurray RG, Bo Andersen L. The influence of exercise on metabolic syndrome in youth: a review. American Journal of Lifestyle Medicine. 2010;4(2):176-86.
    15. Joseph MS, Tincopa MA, Walden P, Jackson E, Conte ML, Rubenfire M. The impact of structured exercise programs on metabolic syndrome and its components: a systematic review. Diabetes, metabolic syndrome and obesity: targets and therapy. 2019:2395-404.
    16. Barry VW, Baruth M, Beets MW, Durstine JL, Liu J, Blair SN. Fitness vs. fatness on all-cause mortality: a meta-analysis. Progress in cardiovascular diseases. 2014;56(4):382-90.
    17. Gronek P, Wielinski D, Cyganski P, Rynkiewicz A, Zając A, Maszczyk A, et al. A review of exercise as medicine in cardiovascular disease: pathology and mechanism. Aging and disease. 2020;11(2):327.
    18. Wu J, Boström P, Sparks LM, Ye L, Choi JH, Giang A-H, et al. Beige adipocytes are a distinct type of thermogenic fat cell in mouse and human. Cell. 2012;150(2):366-76.
    19. Legård GE, Pedersen BK. Muscle as an endocrine organ. Muscle and Exercise Physiology: Elsevier; 2019. p. 285-307.
    20. Clark JE. Diet, exercise or diet with exercise: comparing the effectiveness of treatment options for weight-loss and changes in fitness for adults (18-65 years old) who are overfat, or obese; systematic review and meta-analysis. J Diabetes Metab Disord. 2015;14:31.
    21. Greene DA, Varley BJ, Hartwig TB, Chapman P, Rigney M. A low-carbohydrate ketogenic diet reduces body mass without compromising performance in powerlifting and olympic weightlifting athletes. The Journal of Strength & Conditioning Research. 2018;32(12):3373-82.
    22. Vargas-Molina S, Romance-García ÁR, Petro JL, Bonilla DA, Galancho I, Espinar S, et al., editors. Efficacy of ketogenic diet on body composition during resistance training in trained men: a randomized controlled trial2018: BMC.
    23. Lanzi CR, Perdicaro DJ, Tudela JG, Muscia V, Fontana AR, Oteiza PI, et al. Grape pomace extract supplementation activates FNDC5/irisin in muscle and promotes white adipose browning in rats fed a high-fat diet. Food & function. 2020;11(2):1537-46.
    24. Guilford BL, Parson JC, Grote CW, Vick SN, Ryals JM, Wright DE. Increased FNDC 5 is associated with insulin resistance in high fat‐fed mice. Physiological reports. 2017;5(13):e13319.
    25. Kartinah NT, Sianipar IR. The effects of exercise regimens on irisin levels in obese rats model: comparing high-intensity intermittent with continuous moderate-intensity training. BioMed research international. 2018;2018
    26. Bastu E, Zeybek U, Gurel Gurevin E, Yüksel Ozgor B, Celik F, Okumus N, et al. Effects of irisin and exercise on metabolic parameters and reproductive hormone levels in high-fat diet-induced obese female mice. Reproductive Sciences. 2018;25(2):281-91.
    27. Kang Y-S, Kim J-C, Kim J-S, Kim SH. Effects of swimming exercise on serum irisin and bone FNDC5 in rat models of high-fat diet-induced osteoporosis. Journal of sports science & medicine. 2019;18(4):596.
    28. Khodadadi H, Rajabi H, Seyyed Reza Attarzadeh SR, Abbasian S. The effect of high intensity interval training (HIIT) and pilates on levels of irisin and insulin resistance in overweight women. Iranian Journal of Endocrinology and Metabolism. 2014;16(3):190-6. (In persian)
    29. Vahdat H, Mombini H, Eslami Farsani M, Ab Abzadeh S, Barzegar H. Effect of High-Intensity Interval Training (HIIT) on the Levels of Irisin and Interleukin-10 in Overweight Men. Qom University of Medical Sciences Journal. 2018;12(2):35-44. (In persian)
    30. Qiu S, Cai X, Sun Z, Schumann U, Zuegel M, Steinacker JM. Chronic exercise training and circulating irisin in adults: A meta-analysis. Sports medicine. 2015;45:1577-88.
    31. Ahmadizad S, Avansar AS, Ebrahim K, Avandi M, Ghasemikaram M. The effects of short-term high-intensity interval training vs. moderate-intensity continuous training on plasma levels of nesfatin-1 and inflammatory markers. Hormone molecular biology and clinical investigation. 2015;21(3):165-73.
    32. Wewege M, Van Den Berg R, Ward R, Keech A. The effects of high‐intensity interval training vs. moderate‐intensity continuous training on body composition in overweight and obese adults: a systematic review and meta‐analysis. Obesity reviews. 2017;18(6):635-46.
    33. Schjerve IE, Tyldum GA, Tjønna AE, Stølen T, Loennechen JP, Hansen HE, et al. Both aerobic endurance and strength training programmes improve cardiovascular health in obese adults. Clin Sci (Lond). 2008;115(9):283-93.
    34. Aghamohammadi M, Habibi A, Ranjbar R. The Effect of Selective Aerobic Training on Serum Irisin Levels and Insulin Resistance Index in Women with Type 2 Diabetes. Journal of Arak University of Medical Sciences. 2016;18(11):1-9. (In persian)
    35. Taherzadeh S, Mogharnasi M, Rasoulian B, Kaeidi A. The Effect of 6 Weeks of Aerobic Training and Aqueous Extract of Caraway Seed on Serum Level of Adipolin and Lipid Profile Changes in Obese Male Rats. Journal of Sport Biosciences. 2020;12(3):362-74. (In persian)
    36. Zamani SK, Azinfam O, Jamed N. Effect of High-Intensity Interval Training and High-Fat Diet on Serum Concentration of Uncoupling Protein 1 (UCP1) and Cardiovascular Risk Factors in Girls with Overweight and Obesity. Journal of Clinical Physiotherapy Research. 2022;7(3):e69.
    37. Kelly DP, Scarpulla RC. Transcriptional regulatory circuits controlling mitochondrial biogenesis and function. Genes & development. 2004;18(4):357-68.
    38. Wu Z, Puigserver P, Andersson U, Zhang C, Adelmant G, Mootha V, et al. Mechanisms controlling mitochondrial biogenesis and respiration through the thermogenic coactivator PGC-1. Cell. 1999;98(1):115-24.
    39. Pico C, Bonet M, Palou A. Stimulation of uncoupling protein synthesis in white adipose tissue of mice treated with the β3-adrenergic agonist CGP-12177. Cellular and Molecular Life Sciences CMLS. 1998;54:191-5.
    40. Lin J, Wu H, Tarr PT, Zhang C-Y, Wu Z, Boss O, et al. Transcriptional co-activator PGC-1α drives the formation of slow-twitch muscle fibres. Nature. 2002;418(6899):797-801.
    41. Puigserver P, Spiegelman BM. Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-γ coactivator 1α (PGC-1α): transcriptional coactivator and metabolic regulator. Endocrine reviews. 2003;24(1):78-90.
    42. Paoli A, Grimaldi K, D’Agostino D, Cenci L, Moro T, Bianco A, et al. Ketogenic diet does not affect strength performance in elite artistic gymnasts. Journal of the international society of sports nutrition. 2012;9:1-9.
    43. Paoli A, Bianco A, Grimaldi KA. The ketogenic diet and sport: a possible marriage? Exercise and sport sciences reviews. 2015;43(3):153-62.
    44. Longo VD, Mattson MP. Fasting: molecular mechanisms and clinical applications. Cell metabolism. 2014;19(2):181-92.
    45. Sari_Sarraf V, Nikoukheslat S, Niknam Z. The effect of 8 weeks resistance and concurrent training on irisin, some glycemic indexes and the visceral fat to muscle mass ratio on sedentary obese women. Med J Tabriz Uni Med Sciences Health Services. 2020;41(6):50-8. (In persian)
    46. Dinas PC, Lahart IM, Timmons JA, Svensson PA, Koutedakis Y, Flouris AD, et al. Effects of physical activity on the link between PGC-1a and FNDC5 in muscle, circulating Ιrisin and UCP1 of white adipocytes in humans: A systematic review. F1000Res. 2017;6:286.
    47. Ricquier D. Uncoupling protein 1 of brown adipocytes, the only uncoupler: a historical perspective. Frontiers in Endocrinology. 2011;2:85.
    48. Khan MG. Encyclopedia of heart diseases: Elsevier; 2005.

     

     

     

  • تاریخ دریافت: 14 خرداد 1403
  • تاریخ بازنگری: 14 مرداد 1403
  • تاریخ پذیرش: 20 مرداد 1403
  • تاریخ اولین انتشار: 20 مرداد 1403
  • تاریخ انتشار: 01 شهریور 1403