نشریه فیزیولوژی ورزش و فعالیت بدنی

نشریه فیزیولوژی ورزش و فعالیت بدنی

ماندگاری هایپرتروفی ماهیچۀ اسکلتی: نقش تنش‌های مکانیکی - سوخت‌وسازی و نوع تار ماهیچۀ اسکلتی

نوع مقاله : مقاله مروری

نویسندگان
گروه علوم زیستی ورزش، دانشکده علوم ورزشی و تندرستی، دانشگاه شهید بهشتی، تهران، ایران
چکیده
این پژوهش با هدف بررسی ماندگاری هایپرتروفی ماهیچۀ اسکلتی پس از دوره‌ای از بی‌تمرینی، با تأکید بر نقش تنش‌های مکانیکی، سوخت‌وسازی و نوع تار ماهیچۀ اسکلتی انجام شده است. در این میان، به‌ویژه به تفاوت تأثیر محرک‌ها و تنش‌آفرین‌های مکانیکی و سوخت‌وسازی در حفظ و نگهداشت سازگاری‌های ماهیچۀ اسکلتی پس از بی‌تمرینی پرداخته شده است. تمرینات مقاومتی هماره با بارهای سنگین و تکرارهای کم یا بارهای سبک و تکرارهای زیاد انجام می‌شوند که هرکدام به طور ویژه، به هایپرتروفی ماهیچۀ اسکلتی می‌انجامند. در مقابل، بی‌تمرینی (Detraining) می‌تواند این سازگاری‌ها را به تدریج ضعیف کند و به از دست رفتن تودۀ ماهیچۀ اسکلتی و قدرت منجر شود. با این همه، در هفته‌های نخستِ بی‌تمرینی، کاهش توان بیشتر ماهیت عصبی دارد و شامل افت نرخ افزایش نیرو و اختلال در هماهنگی عصبی است؛ در حالی که با طولانی‌تر شدن دورۀ وقفه، کاهش سطح مقطع تارهای نوع II و افت محسوس قدرت رخ می‌دهد. با این وجود، پدیدۀ «حافظۀ ماهیچۀ اسکلتی» که خود ناشی از افزایش هسته‌های ماهیچۀ اسکلتی طی دوره‌های تمرین است، منجر به بازیابی سریع‌تر وضعیت پیشین می‌شود. وجود این حافظه، اهمیت بررسی نوع محرک‌های تمرینی را در کیفیت و ماندگاری سازگاری‌ها دوچندان می‌کند؛ چراکه حتی در صورت بی‌تمرینی بلندمدت، ماهیچه‌ها با تحریکِ مجدد، قادر به بازسازی سریع‌تر خواهند بود. با اینکه یافته‌هایی در زمینۀ تمرینات مقاومتی و پدیدۀ حافظۀ ماهیچۀ اسکلتی در دست هست؛ اما اطلاعات کافی در مورد تفاوت‌های ماندگاری هایپرتروفی ماهیچۀ اسکلتی در اثر تمرینات مقاومتی با تنش‌های مکانیکی و سوخت‌وسازی، به‌ویژه در شرایط بی‌تمرینی، موجود نیست. بر اساس یافته‌های این پژوهش مروری، تغییرات در سطح مقطع عرضی، توده و قدرت پویای ماهیچۀ اسکلتی، به‌ویژه در دوره‌های بی‌تمرینی بلندمدت، می‌تواند وابسته به نوع محرک تمرینی، نوع تار ماهیچۀ اسکلتی و مدت زمان بی‌تمرینی باشد. افزون بر این، شواهد مربوط به حافظۀ ماهیچۀ اسکلتی نشان دادند که سازگاری‌های حاصل از تمرین مقاومتی، حتی در دوران بی‌تمرینی نیز می‌مانند و بازگشت به سطح پیشین، درپی ازسرگیری تمرین، سریع‌تر از مرحلۀ اول تمرین خواهد بود. در نهایت، این پژوهش با جمع‌بندی یافته‌ها، ضرورت انجام پژوهش‌هایی با هدف بررسی دقیق ماندگاری هایپرتروفی ماهیچۀ اسکلتی تحت تأثیر تنش‌های مکانیکی، سوخت‌وسازی و نوع تار ماهیچۀ اسکلتی در افراد جوان سالم را پس از یک دوره بی‌تمرینی پیشنهاد می‌کند.
کلیدواژه‌ها
موضوعات

عنوان مقاله English

Persistence of skeletal muscle hypertrophy: the role of mechanical tension, metabolic stress, and skeletal muscle fiber type

نویسندگان English

Ali Moghadasi
mohammad Fashi
Rana Fayazmilani
Department of Biological Sciences in Sports, Faculty of Sports Science and Health, Shahid Beheshti University, Tehran, Iran
چکیده English

The primary objective of this review was to examine the persistence of skeletal muscle hypertrophy following a period of detraining after resistance training, with an emphasis on the roles of mechanical tension, metabolic stress, and skeletal muscle fiber type. This review particularly addresses the differential effects of mechanical and metabolic stimuli and stressors on the maintenance and retention of skeletal muscle adaptations following detraining. Resistance training is typically performed using either heavy loads with low repetitions or light loads with high repetitions, both of which may induce skeletal muscle hypertrophy. In contrast to the pathways involved in the development of hypertrophy, detraining can gradually attenuate resistance training-induced the skeletal muscle adaptations, leading to losses in skeletal muscle mass and strength. Nevertheless, during the initial weeks of detraining, these declines are predominantly neural, including reductions in the rate of force development and neural coordination, whereas prolonged cessation of training is associated with a decrease in the cross-sectional area of type II muscle fibers and marked reductions in strength. However, the phenomenon of muscle memory enables skeletal muscles to regain their previous condition more rapidly, which has been attributed to the increase in myonuclei acquired during periods of training. The existence of muscle memory further emphasizes the importance of investigating the type of training stimulus in determining the quality and persistence of skeletal muscle adaptations. Even after prolonged detraining, skeletal muscles remain capable of more rapid restoration upon re-exposure to resistance training. Although evidence is available regarding various aspects of resistance training and the phenomenon of muscle memory, sufficient information concerning differences in the persistence of skeletal muscle hypertrophy induced by resistance training through mechanical tension and metabolic stress, particularly under detraining conditions, is still lacking. This review presents findings indicating that changes in skeletal muscle cross-sectional area, muscle mass, and dynamic muscle strength, particularly during prolonged detraining periods, may depend on the type of training stimulus, skeletal muscle fiber type, and duration of detraining. Furthermore, muscle memory indicates that resistance training-induced skeletal muscle adaptations persist even during detraining, and the restoration of previous adaptation levels following retraining occurs more rapidly than during the initial training period. By synthesizing the available evidence, this review proposes the need for future research to investigate the persistence of skeletal muscle hypertrophy following a period of detraining after resistance training, with an emphasis on the roles of mechanical tension, metabolic stress, and skeletal muscle fiber type in healthy young individuals.

کلیدواژه‌ها English

esistance training
Skeletal muscle hypertrophy
Detraining
Mechanical tension
Metabolic stress
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  • تاریخ دریافت 21 آذر 1404
  • تاریخ بازنگری 23 فروردین 1405
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