original article
Elnaz Sadeghpour Firozabadi; Ahmad Abdi; Asieh Abbassi Daloii
Abstract
Background and Purpose: There is now mounting evidence that pro-inflammatory pathways, which are mediated by T cells (that secrete IL-17 and IL-22), play a critical role in metabolic control. The aim of this study was to examine the effect of aerobic training along with aqueous extract of Garlic (Allium ...
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Background and Purpose: There is now mounting evidence that pro-inflammatory pathways, which are mediated by T cells (that secrete IL-17 and IL-22), play a critical role in metabolic control. The aim of this study was to examine the effect of aerobic training along with aqueous extract of Garlic (Allium sativum L.) on relative expression of IL-17, IL-22 and insulin resistance in streptozotocin-diabetic rats.Materials and Methods: In this experimental study, 40 male Wistar rats (age five weeks and weight 162.12 ± 15.24 g) were obtained from the Pasteur Institute and transferred to the laboratory. After transferring the rats to the laboratory, inducing diabetes and familiarizing them with exercise on a rodent treadmill, they were randomly divided into five groups: Control-Normal (CN), Diabetes (DM), Diabetes-Training (TDM), Diabetes-Garlic (GDM) and Diabetes-Training-Garlic (TGDM). Diabetes was induced in the rats by the intraperitoneal administration of a single dose of Streptozotocin (60 mg/kg). Blood glucose of 250 mg/dL was the criterion for diabetic rats. Training groups have performed an aerobic running program (at 10-18 m/min, 10-40 min/day, and five days/week) on a motor-driven treadmill for eight weeks. A dose of one ml of garlic extract /100 g body weight (about 0.4 grams per 100 grams of body weight) was orally administered daily to rats. The expression of IL-17 and IL-22 was measured by RT-PCR method. After estimating fasting glucose and insulin levels, HOMA-IR index was used to evaluate insulin resistance. Data were analyzed using ANOVA and Pearson's correlation coefficient at P < 0.05. Results: The expression of IL-17 (P = 0.0001), IL-22 (P = 0.0001) and HOMA-IR level (P = 0.0001) increased in DM groups compared to CN group. IL-17, IL-22 and HOMA-IR was significantly lower in TDM (respectively, P = 0.008, P = 0.040, P = 0.0001), GDM (respectively, P = 0.017, P = 0.044, P = 0.0001) and TGDM (respectively, P= 0.0001, P = 0.0001, P = 0.0001) groups than in DM group. Also, IL-17 and IL-22 in the TGDM group lower than TDM (respectively, P = 0.045, P= 0.041) and GDM (respectively, P = 0.023, P = 0.038) groups. A positive correlation was observed between HOMA-IR and IL-17 (P = 0.0001) and IL-22 (P = 0.001).Conclusions: The findings of the present study show that probably the increase in the relative expression of IL-17 and IL-22 with the induction of diabetes is associated with an increase in insulin resistance. Decreased IL-17 and IL-22 expression adipose tissue followed by aerobic training and aqueous garlic extract were associated with decreased HOMA-IR in diabetic rats. In addition, the combination of aerobic exercise with garlic extract had synergistic effects and reduced inflammation and HOMA-IR compared to each alone. Since diabetics are constantly exposed to inflammation and according to the reduction of IL-17 and IL-22 following aerobic exercise and consumption of garlic extract, the use of these two could possibly be of therapeutic importance for T2DM patients.
original article
Sanaz Habibvand; Reza Nouri; Abbasali Gaeini
Abstract
Background and Purpose: Exercise training and vitamin D supplementation play an important role in cardiovascular health. However, the effects of combining these two strategies and their molecular role in cardiac adaptations are less known. Therefore, the present study was conducted with the aim of determining ...
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Background and Purpose: Exercise training and vitamin D supplementation play an important role in cardiovascular health. However, the effects of combining these two strategies and their molecular role in cardiac adaptations are less known. Therefore, the present study was conducted with the aim of determining the effect of vitamin D supplementation and aerobic exercise on oxidative stress markers and Sirtuin-1 (SIRT-1) levels in the myocardial tissue of middle-aged male rats.Materials and Methods: Forty male rats (12-14 months, 350-400 g) after two weeks of familiarization and maximal aerobic speed test, were randomly divided into four groups: control (Con), aerobic training (AT), vitamin D (Vit-D) and aerobic exercise + vitamin D (AT+Vit_D) were divided. The training consisted of eight weeks of incremental training (5 days per week). Vit_D and AT+Vit-D groups received 500 units of vitamin D along with 0.3 ml of olive oil (kg/body weight). Olive oil was also used as a placebo. 48 hours after the last intervention session, the heart tissue of the animals was removed. The activities of Superoxide dismutase (SOD) and Glutathione peroxidase (GPx) as well as the concentration of Malondialdehyde (MDA), Hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) and SIRT-1 protein were measured. Data analysis was done by one-way ANOVA test at P < 0.05 level.Results: The findings showed that the SIRT-1 was significantly higher in the AT than in the Con group (P < 0.05). Also, the MDA levels in the AT were lower than in the Con group (P < 0.05). No significant difference was observed in MDA and SIRT-1 among other groups (P > 0.05). In addition, there was no significant difference in the GPx, SOD and H2O2 between the groups (P > 0.05).Conclusion: In general, the findings of the present study showed that regular aerobic exercise is beneficial for reducing oxidative damage to the heart tissue in middle age. Also, aerobic training in middle age leads to an increase in SIRT-1 protein. Considering the important role of SIRT-1 in preventing heart diseases and strengthening the antioxidant defense system, aerobic exercise seems to be an effective strategy to reduce cardiovascular diseases associated with aging. In addition, the findings of the present study showed that vitamin D supplementation along with aerobic exercise does not produce synergistic effects in improving oxidative stress markers or SIRT-1. However, due to the small amount of studies in this regard and also some limitations of the current research, it is suggested to conduct more studies in this regard.
original article
Mohammad javad Jalali; Rozita Fathi; Khadijeh Nasiri; Abolfazl Akbari
Abstract
Background and Purpose: Inactivity and on the other hand physical exercise are known as factors related to indicators of liver damage. However, the role of many types of interval, including interval and resistance training, and the consumption of certain dietary supplements, including spirulina, on immune ...
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Background and Purpose: Inactivity and on the other hand physical exercise are known as factors related to indicators of liver damage. However, the role of many types of interval, including interval and resistance training, and the consumption of certain dietary supplements, including spirulina, on immune and inflammatory factors is not fully understood. Therefore, the aim of this research was to determine the effect of eight weeks of spirulina supplementation and resistance and intermittent aerobic training on liver tissue activity and CXCL1 gene expression in muscle tissue of Males rats.Materials and Methods: In this semi-experimental research, 65-weeks-old male Wistar rats with an average weight of 246.4 ± 24.6g were randomly assigned to six groups: interval training + spirulina supplement, resistance training + spirulina supplement, control + spirulina supplement, interval training + saline, resistance training + saline, control + saline. Based on this, the amount of spirulina supplement in the spirulina supplement consumption groups was 500 mg/kg body weight. The interval training group performed five sessions per week for eight weeks, and the resistance training group performed three sessions per week with increasing load. 48 hours after the last training session, the animals in the experimental groups were anesthetized with ketamine and xylazine, blood samples were taken from the inferior vein, and quadriceps muscle tissue was quickly removed. CXCL1 gene expression level in quadriceps muscle and liver enzymes were measured as an indicator of liver function in serum. Statistical data were analyzed using one-way analysis of variance (P < 0.05).Results: The results of this research showed that after 8-weeks of interval and resistance training with increasing load, the expression level of the CXCL1 gene was higher in the quadriceps muscle of the control group, but no significant difference was found. The level of liver enzymes was significantly higher than the control group. The results also showed that spirulina consumption combined with interval aerobic and resistance exercise can significantly alter liver function indicators compared to the control group. However, the expression of the CXCL1 gene in the groups consuming spirulina and aerobic and resistance training did not show a significant change compared to the control group.Conclusion: the results of this research showed that spirulina and interval and resistance exercises can modulate the functional indicators of the liver and the gene expression of CXCL1 in the quadriceps muscle tissue. These results show that spirulina can be involved in the occurrence of adaptive responses related to metabolic damage.
original article
Soheyla Alamdar; Seyed Mohsen Avandi
Abstract
Background and Purpose: The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of high intensity interval training with Nigella Sativa supplementation on lipid profile, blood sugar and body composition of overweight young women.Materials and Methods: The present study is in the form of a semi-experimental ...
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Background and Purpose: The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of high intensity interval training with Nigella Sativa supplementation on lipid profile, blood sugar and body composition of overweight young women.Materials and Methods: The present study is in the form of a semi-experimental design in a double-blind on 48 overweight young women of NEISHABOUR city with a mean and standard deviation of age 36.41 ± 3.51 and body mass index of 28.704 ± 0.79. kg/m2. The subjects were randomly divided into four groups. Five people refused to continue cooperation due to some reasons and finally there were four groups including exercise and supplement (n=10), exercise and placebo (n=9), supplement (n=12) and placebo (n=12). Two exercise groups trained for six weeks, three sessions per week with an intensity of 85 to 95 percent of the maximum heart rate (HRmax). In addition to all of the groups consumed one oil capsule containing 1000 mg of Nigella Sativa or placebo (paraffin oil) before lunch daily. The Supplement and placebo group did not do any regular exercise. Anthropometric measurements and blood samples were taken on two occasions, pre-test and post-test. Fasting blood samples were collected from brachial vein to evaluate lipid profile and blood sugar levels. In order to check the normality of the data distribution, the Shapiro-Wilk test was used. To analyze the data and report them, multivariate analysis of covariance (MANCOVA) and univariate analysis of covariance (ANCOVA) tests and SIDAK post hoc test were used at a significance level of 0.05.Results: The results of the present research did not show a significant difference between exercise and supplement, exercise and placebo groups compared to supplement and placebo groups after six weeks in total cholesterol (p=0.332), triglyceride (p=0.928), high-density lipoprotein (p=0.86), low density lipoprotein (p=0.393) and fasting blood sugar (p=0.054). The results of the SIDAK post hoc test showed that, in total, the measures taken in the experimental groups have led to a decrease in body mass index, waist circumference, waist-to-hip ratio, and body fat percentage. In terms of body mass index and body fat percentage, the exercise and placebo groups had better performance, and in terms of waist circumference and waist-to-hip ratio, the supplement group had better performance, but these differences were not statistically significant (P ≤ 0.05) and all experimental groups only had a better score body mass index, waist circumference, waist-to-hip ratio and body fat percentage indices compared to the control group (placebo) (P < 0.05).Conclusion: It seems HIIT and Nigella Sativa supplementation, each one can be effective in improving the body composition of overweight young women. However, in this study, HIIT and Nigella Sativa supplementation did not have a significant effect on lipid profile and fasting blood sugar, so it is suggested that more research should be done.
original article
Navab Abnama; Rasoul Eslami; Minoo Bassami; Bagher Rezaei
Abstract
Background and Purpose: Intensive training such as soccer activities cause significant changes in hormone circulation and also induce microscopic muscle damages and acute inflammatory reactions that can influence the performance of athletes in 24 to 72 hours after soccer and prolong the recovery time. ...
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Background and Purpose: Intensive training such as soccer activities cause significant changes in hormone circulation and also induce microscopic muscle damages and acute inflammatory reactions that can influence the performance of athletes in 24 to 72 hours after soccer and prolong the recovery time. Nutritional strategies are among the popular and accessible methods to facilitate the recovery of function and physiological disorders after certain sports as well as soccer. Therefore, the present study was a two-way clinical trial that investigated the effect of beta hydroxy beta methyl butyrate supplement in the form of free acid (HMB-FA) on the levels of hormonal markers during the recovery period during a weekly soccer cycle.Materials and Methods: This research was semi-experimental, with a pre-test-post-test and double-blind design. Twenty-four male soccer players (mean age 23 ± 3 years, mass index of 22.8 ± 2, mean height 172.6 ± 5.5 cm and average weight 74.3 ± 5.4 kg) were voluntarily selected as the statistical sample of this study and were divided into two groups of 12 people. In this study, subjects participated in a weekly soccer microcycle with two matches. Subjects in the supplement-training group consumed three grams of HMB-FA daily during a weekly soccer cycle. Blood samples were taken in seven stages (before supplementation, before the first match, immediately after the first match, 24 hours after the first match, before the second match, immediately after the second match, 24 hours after the second match). Plasma concentrations of cortisol and insulin-like growth factor-1 (IGF-1) were measured by ELISA method. Data analysis was performed using Friedman, Wilcoxon, Kruskal-Wallis and U Mann-Whitney tests with a significance level of P≥ 0.05. Results: The results showed that after intaking HMB-FA supplement, there was a significant decrease in plasma cortisol levels (before the first match, after the first match and 24 hours after the second match) (for all, P < 0.05) and there was also a significant increase for IGF-1 (before the first match, after the first match and immediately after the second match) (for all,P < 0.05).Conclusion: HMB-FA supplementation has increased the levels of IGF-1 hormone and decreased cortisol, which indicates an increase in anabolic state and a decrease in catabolic state in the body, which is used for muscle reconstruction and recovery from injuries caused by exercise and racing is essential during a race microcycle. In addition, taking HMB supplements may have other effects, including reducing neuromuscular fatigue, reducing the inflammatory response, and rapid skeletal muscle regeneration, which requires further study.
